Highlights
• The highly heterogeneous nature of sepsis arises from various factors, including diverse causative pathogens and individual patient characteristics such as age, sex, and comorbidities. This variability complicates treatment and suggests that a one-size-fits-all approach may be ineffective.
• Recent studies have shown that sepsis patients can be stratified into more homogeneous subgroups, based on clinical characteristics (subphenotypes) or underlying pathophysiological mechanisms (endotypes).
• Identification of subgroups among sepsis patients may enhance the understanding of patient outcomes and guide personalized medicine approaches. Nonetheless, challenges remain in establishing standardized criteria for classification and ensuring that diagnostic methods are practical for clinical use.
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