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Review | Open Access

Difficult and complicated oral ulceration: an expert consensus guideline for diagnosis

Xin Zeng1, Xin Jin2, Liang Zhong1, Gang Zhou3 , Ming Zhong4, Wenmei Wang5, Yuan Fan6, Qing Liu7, Xiangmin Qi8, Xiaobing Guan9, Zhimin Yan10, Xuemin Shen11, Yingfang Wu12, Lijie Fan13, Zhi Wang14 , Yuan He15, Hongxia Dan1 , Jiantang Yang16, Hui Wang17, Dongjuan Liu18, Hui Feng19, Kai Jiao20, Qianming Chen1,21( )
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
College of Stomatology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 401147, China
Department of Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
Department of Stomatology, Xiang’an Hospital of Xiamen University, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
Department of Oral Medicine, Nanjing Stomatological Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
Department of Oral Medicine, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
The Third Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, Xi’an, China
School and Hospital of Stomatology, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
Beijing Stomatological Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Department of Oral Medicine, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
Department of Oral Mucosal Diseases, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
Centre of Stomatology, Xiangya Hospital, Cental South University, Changsha, China
Stomatology Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
Guanghua School of Stomatology, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Stomatological Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Tooth Restoration and Regeneration, Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
Department of Oral Medicine, Hospital of Stomatology, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
Department of Oral Medicine, School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
Department of Emergency and Oral Medicine, School and Hospital of Stomatology, China Medical University, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Shenyang, China
Department of Oral Medicine, Xiangya Stomalogical Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
School of Stomatology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

These authors contributed equally: Xin Zeng, Xin Jin.

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Abstract

The complexity of oral ulcerations poses considerable diagnostic and therapeutic challenges to oral specialists. The expert consensus was conducted to summarize the diagnostic work-up for difficult and complicated oral ulcers, based on factors such as detailed clinical medical history inquiry, histopathological examination, and ulceration-related systemic diseases screening. Not only it can provide a standardized procedure of oral ulceration, but also it can improve the diagnostic efficiency, in order to avoid misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis.

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International Journal of Oral Science
Volume 14,
2022
Article number: 28
DOI: 10.1038/s41368-022-00178-0

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Cite this article:
Zeng X, Jin X, Zhong L, et al. Difficult and complicated oral ulceration: an expert consensus guideline for diagnosis. International Journal of Oral Science, 2022, 14: 28. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-022-00178-0

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Received: 08 December 2021
Revised: 01 February 2022
Accepted: 18 April 2022
Published: 01 June 2022
© The Author(s) 2022

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