Optimal partitioning and operation of water distribution networks under intermittent conditions: A case study of Modena network

With over 1.3 billion people worldwide facing irregular water access, efficient water management is a global priority. This study presented a comprehensive approach for optimizing the operation of intermittent water distribution networks through the creation of district metered areas (DMAs). It advanced traditional DMA design by integrating network partitioning with optimized operational schedules, offering a practical framework for managing intermittent water supply systems. The proposed methodology aims to reduce water losses while improving service equity and quality. First, the network is partitioned using the fast-greedy community detection algorithm based on modularity from graph theory, enabling DMAs to operate independently at different times of a day. Flow control valves are installed at DMA entry points, while isolation valves isolate remaining boundary pipes, enhancing operational flexibility. Second, the particle swarm optimization algorithm optimizes the operational schedule of each DMA and determines the optimal start time and water supply duration for each DMA. This step minimizes total daily distributed volume while ensuring adequate service. This approach reduced the daily distributed volume of the Modena network by approximately 720.0 m³ and significantly decreased the leakage rate from 30.5% to 18.7%, demonstrating its effectiveness.