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Original Article | Open Access

Exercise affects salivary biomarkers of creatine metabolism in healthy adults

Bogdan Andjelica,b, Tijana Lainovicc, Nikola Todorovica, Jovana Panicd, Milan Vranesa,d, Valdemar Stajera, Sergej M. Ostojica,e,f( )
Applied Bioenergetics Lab, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Sport and Exercise Science Research Unit, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy
Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
Department of Nutrition and Public Health, University of Agder, Kristiansand, Norway

Peer review under the responsibility of Editorial Board of Sports Medicine and Health Science

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Abstract

Background

We monitored changes in salivary creatine pre- and post-high-intensity exercise in young adults while also investigating the potential correlation between salivary and serum creatine levels.

Method

Saliva and serum samples were collected before and immediately after an incremental running-to-exhaustion treadmill test in fifteen young adults (mean age [23.9 ​± ​2.9] years, eight females), with samples analyzed for guanidinoacetic acid, creatine, and creatinine using a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method.

Results

Following exercise, there was a substantial elevation in salivary creatine levels from (17.5 ​± ​14.2) μmol·L−1 to (43.6 ​± ​30.4) μmol·L−1 (p ​< ​0.001), coupled with a significant increase in salivary creatinine from (11.3 ​± ​5.8) μmol·L−1 to (17.0 ​± ​9.3) μmol·L−1 (p ​= ​0.04). In contrast, serum creatine levels were unaffected by exercise (p ​= ​0.80), while creatinine levels exhibited a strong tendency to decrease post-exercise (from [81.8 ​± ​17.5] μmol·L−1 to [73.1 ​± ​11.6] μmol·L−1; p ​= ​0.06). A comparison of the slopes of the two regression lines (saliva vs. serum) revealed significant differences for both creatine (p ​= ​0.01) and creatinine (p ​= ​0.03).

Conclusions

The above findings suggest a potential difference in the dynamics of creatine metabolites in these two bodily fluids, both pre and post-exercise.

Keywords

Creatine metabolismExerciseSalivaSerum

References

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Sports Medicine and Health Science
Volume 8 Issue 2,
March 2026
Pages 193-196
DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2025.03.010

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Cite this article:
Andjelic B, Lainovic T, Todorovic N, et al. Exercise affects salivary biomarkers of creatine metabolism in healthy adults. Sports Medicine and Health Science, 2026, 8(2): 193-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smhs.2025.03.010

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Received: 08 January 2025
Revised: 22 March 2025
Accepted: 26 March 2025
Published: 27 March 2025
© 2025 Chengdu Sport University.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).