Deep learning-driven automatic counting of petal number in cut chrysanthemum inflorescence

The number of petals in an inflorescence is an important phenotypic indicator for quality evaluation and cultivar identification of cut chrysanthemums (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). Current manual measurement methods are time-consuming, error-prone, and poorly suited to the complex geometry of chrysanthemum flowers, which limits their utility for large-scale phenotyping and breeding programs. Although image-based phenotyping has advanced rapidly, automated and reliable methods for petal counting in densely packed or partially obscured inflorescences remain underdeveloped. Here, we developed a deep learning-based framework for automatic extraction of petal number in cut chrysanthemums. Images from multiple varieties were collected to construct a representative dataset, and petal density maps were generated through manual annotation with Gaussian kernel function. We employed a Congested Scene Recognition Network (CSRNet) enhanced with a Squeeze-and-Excitation (SE) channel attention mechanism (SE-CSRNet) for petal density estimation. Spearman correlation analysis revealed strong agreement between visible and actual petal counts (Spearman's r = 0.953, p < 0.0001). Compared with the original CSRNet, SE-CSRNet reduced mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean squared error (RMSE) by 5.2% and 7.4%, respectively. Further optimization using regression fitting revealed that random forest achieved the best performance (MAE = 4.24, RMSE = 5.06, R² = 0.967), indicating reliable stability and satisfactory generalization under the conditions evaluated in this work. Application of the optimized model to two cut chrysanthemum varieties confirmed its practicality by successfully detecting reductions in petal number under high-temperature stress. Our results demonstrate that integrating dataset construction, deep learning–based density estimation, and machine learning optimization enables efficient and accurate prediction of petal number in cut chrysanthemums.