The development of deformation bands from experiments: Review and perspective

Deformation band research has long been hindered by limited understanding of structural characteristics and physical properties during actual deformation processes. To address these knowledge gaps, this study systematically reviews experimental simulation methodologies through integrated approaches. Combining field observations with our newly developed ring shear tests for consolidated rocks, we investigate: formation mechanisms of deformation bands; key controlling factors including effective normal stress, shear displacement, clay content, mineral composition, porosity, particle size distribution, sorting, and cementation; comparative evaluation of experimental techniques (ring shear vs. direct shear vs. triaxial shear vs. sandbox modeling). Our analysis reveals two critical experimental parameters: effective normal stress and shear displacement. Notably, the advancement of consolidated rock-specific ring shear apparatus enables centimeter-scale displacement simulations, significantly enhancing deformation band experimentation. Current challenges in field measurement, image analysis, and 3D modeling are discussed with proposed solutions. Future directions emphasize: in-situ permeability testing, quantitative analysis frameworks, cementation dynamics, and numerical simulation optimization. This work aims to highlight deformation bands' crucial role in fluid migration and reservoir preservation while providing methodological guidance for designing simulation experiments. The compiled experimental protocols and analytical techniques offer researchers a systematic reference for deformation band investigations.