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Original Article | Open Access

Therapeutic effects and mechanism of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen flowers on glycolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus based on network pharmacology and transcriptomics

Wei Liua,b,1, Peng Tianc,1, Wenjing Lib, Yahui Suna,b, Yifei Zhua,b, Lingling Qind, Lili Wub, Tonghua Liub( )
Dongfang Hospital, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100078, China
Key Laboratory of Health Cultivation of the Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
Science and Technology Department, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine Third Affiliated Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
Section of Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China

1 These authors have contributed equally to this work.

Peer review under responsibility of Beijing University of Chinese Medicine.

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Abstract

Objective

To investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of action of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen (P. notoginseng, San Qi) flowers in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using network pharmacology, in vivo experiments, and RNA sequencing (RNA-seq).

Methods

Network pharmacology analysis was performed to identify and correlate the drug targets of flower buds of P. notoginseng (PNF) with T2DM disease targets and to predict the key targets and pathways involved in the therapeutic effects of PNF in T2DM. In vivo experiments were conducted to assess the effects of PNF on glucose and lipid metabolism in mice with T2DM. RNA-seq was performed, and the results were integrated with network pharmacology data to assess the therapeutic mechanisms of PNF in T2DM. The results from transcriptomics and network pharmacology were validated using real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results

A total of 27 intersecting targets were identified by overlapping 35 drug targets with T2DM targets. Further topological analysis using the Centiscape 2.2 tool revealed five core targets, including signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that the JAK/STAT signaling pathway is a key mechanism underlying the therapeutic effects of PNF in T2DM. In vivo experiments confirmed that PNF effectively regulates glycolipid metabolism in a mouse model of diabetes. KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of RNA-seq data highlighted the JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT pathway as a potential mechanism. PNF high-dose (PNFH) increased the gene expression levels of PIK3R1 and AKT2, decreased the expression of PCK1, JAK2, and STAT3, and showed a trend toward increasing INSR expression without reaching statistical significance.

Conclusion

PNF improves glycolipid metabolism disorders in T2DM, potentially by modulating the JAK2/STAT3 and PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Keywords

Type 2 diabetes mellitusJAK/STATRNA sequencingPanax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen flowersNetwork pharmacology

References

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Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences
Volume 13 Issue 1,
January 2026
Pages 101-116
DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2025.11.005

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Cite this article:
Liu W, Tian P, Li W, et al. Therapeutic effects and mechanism of Panax notoginseng (Burk) F. H. Chen flowers on glycolipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes mellitus based on network pharmacology and transcriptomics. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medical Sciences, 2026, 13(1): 101-116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcms.2025.11.005

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Received: 10 August 2025
Revised: 20 November 2025
Accepted: 21 November 2025
Published: 27 November 2025
© 2025 Beijing University of Chinese Medicine.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).