Plant-pathogen interactions and transmissions: Unraveling the complex role of pathogen vectors in disease ecology

Plant–pathogen interactions are complex, multifaceted processes involving various participants, including insect vectors and parasitic plants, that play a crucial role in the spread of plant diseases. This review explores the intricate relationships between plants, pathogens, and insect vectors, emphasizing these interactions’ ecological and epidemiological significance. Insect vectors, such as aphids, leafhoppers, whiteflies, and beetles, transmit various plant pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and phytoplasmas, through different mechanisms. The transmission mode can be direct or indirect, continuous or discontinuous, depending on the biology of the pathogen and the insect vector. We differentiate between noncirculative and circulative pathogen transmission pathways and describe how pathogen movement within insect bodies influences their ability to spread diseases to new plant hosts. The impacts of these interactions extend beyond agricultural productivity to encompass significant economic losses, environmental challenges, and potential human health risks due to excessive use of chemical controls. Understanding these complex dynamics is essential for designing effective disease management strategies and developing environmentally sustainable control measures. This review synthesizes current knowledge on the transmission mechanisms, types of plant pathogens, and the consequences of insect-mediated disease spread, providing insights crucial for advancing plant protection and integrated pest management practices.