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Infectious Medicine 2023, 2(4): 262-272 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imj.2023.11.001
Review | Open Access | Issue | Published: 05 November 2023

Monkeypox virus (MPXV): A Brief account of global spread, epidemiology, virology, clinical features, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions

Show Author's Information Md Aminul Islama,b( ),  Jubayer Muminc,  Md Masudul Haqued,  Md. Azizul Haquee,  Ahrar Khanf,  Prosun Bhattacharyag,  Md Atiqul Haqueh,i
Advanced Molecular Lab, Department of Microbiology, President Abdul Hamid Medical College, Karimganj 2310, Bangladesh
COVID-19 Diagnostic Lab, Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, China
COVID-19 Research @KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100019, China
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
Keywords:
Epidemiology, Zoonotic diseases, Monkeypox (MPX), Monkeypox virus (MPXV), Re-emerging viruses, Genomic dissemination, Vaccination and Treatment
Cite this article:
Islam MA, Mumin J, Haque MM, et al. Monkeypox virus (MPXV): A Brief account of global spread, epidemiology, virology, clinical features, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions. Infectious Medicine, 2023, 2(4): 262-272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imj.2023.11.001
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Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

The largest monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak of the 21st century occurred in 2022, which caused epidemics in many countries. According to WHO, physical contact with infected persons, contaminated surfaces, or affected animals might be a source of this virus transmission. A febrile sickness including few symptoms found in MPX disease. Skin rash, lesions, fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches symptoms were observed commonly for this disease. Animal and in vitro, studies have shown that the antiviral medications cidofovir and brincidofovir are effective against MPXV. The first-generation vaccinia virus vaccine was developed in 1960, and it helped to protect against MPXV with its side effects. A second-generation vaccination with limitations was launched in 2000. However, the CDC advised vaccinations for risk groups in endemic countries, including positive patients and hospital employees. The JYNNEOS vaccine, administered in 2 doses, also provides protection from MPX. This article presents concisely the most recent findings regarding epidemiology, genomic transmission, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions for MPXV, which may be helpful to researchers and practitioners. WHO declared that MPX was no longer a global health emergency due to its declining case rate, and a number of countries have reported new incidences. Further research-based investigations must be carried out based on the 2022 outbreak.


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Abstract
Full text
Outline
Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Monkeypox virus (MPXV): A Brief account of global spread, epidemiology, virology, clinical features, pathogenesis, and therapeutic interventions

Show Author's information Md Aminul Islama,b( ), Jubayer Muminc, Md Masudul Haqued, Md. Azizul Haquee, Ahrar Khanf, Prosun Bhattacharyag, Md Atiqul Haqueh,i
Advanced Molecular Lab, Department of Microbiology, President Abdul Hamid Medical College, Karimganj 2310, Bangladesh
COVID-19 Diagnostic Lab, Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
Department of Global Public Health, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Agriculture, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh
Shandong Vocational Animal Science and Veterinary College, Weifang 261061, China
COVID-19 Research @KTH, Department of Sustainable Development, Environmental Science and Engineering, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonoses of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100019, China
Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur 5200, Bangladesh

Highlights

• The largest 2022 Monkeypox (MPX) outbreak has changed its nature rather than earlier including clinical signs symptoms, severity, and epidemiology.

• MPX occurrences are declining; however, awareness must be raised on this contagious disease to stop further outbreaks.

• More research-based studies need to be carried out to find our virus morphology, its genomics, mode of transmission, reservoirs, and therapeutic treatment.

Abstract

The largest monkeypox virus (MPXV) outbreak of the 21st century occurred in 2022, which caused epidemics in many countries. According to WHO, physical contact with infected persons, contaminated surfaces, or affected animals might be a source of this virus transmission. A febrile sickness including few symptoms found in MPX disease. Skin rash, lesions, fever, headache, fatigue, and muscle aches symptoms were observed commonly for this disease. Animal and in vitro, studies have shown that the antiviral medications cidofovir and brincidofovir are effective against MPXV. The first-generation vaccinia virus vaccine was developed in 1960, and it helped to protect against MPXV with its side effects. A second-generation vaccination with limitations was launched in 2000. However, the CDC advised vaccinations for risk groups in endemic countries, including positive patients and hospital employees. The JYNNEOS vaccine, administered in 2 doses, also provides protection from MPX. This article presents concisely the most recent findings regarding epidemiology, genomic transmission, signs and symptoms, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapeutic interventions for MPXV, which may be helpful to researchers and practitioners. WHO declared that MPX was no longer a global health emergency due to its declining case rate, and a number of countries have reported new incidences. Further research-based investigations must be carried out based on the 2022 outbreak.

Keywords: Epidemiology, Zoonotic diseases, Monkeypox (MPX), Monkeypox virus (MPXV), Re-emerging viruses, Genomic dissemination, Vaccination and Treatment

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Received: 25 May 2023
Revised: 08 September 2023
Accepted: 02 November 2023
Published: 05 November 2023
Issue date: December 2023

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© 2023 The Author(s). Tsinghua University Press.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgment

This study was supported by the Advanced Molecular Lab, President Abdul Hamid Medical College Hospital, Kishoreganj, Bangladesh. We sincerely thank the anonymous reviewers for their insightful comments on earlier drafts of this manuscript, which improved its overall quality.

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