Revolutionizing railway systems: A systematic review of digital twin technologies

Digital Twin (DT) technology is revolutionizing the railway sector by providing a virtual replica of physical systems, enabling real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and enhanced decision-making. This systematic literature review examines the status, enabling technologies, case studies, and frameworks for DT applications in railway systems with 91 selected papers from Scopus, Web of Science, IEEE, and the Snowballing Technique. The review focuses on four primary subsystems: tracks, civil structures, vehicles, and overhead contact line structures. Key findings reveal that DT has successfully optimized maintenance strategies, improved operational efficiency, and enhanced system safety. Internet of Things (IoT) devices, Artificial Intelligence (AI), machine learning, and cloud computing are critical in implementing DT models. However, challenges like data integration, high implementation costs, and cybersecurity risks remain, necessitating the discussed implications. Future research should focus on improving data interoperability, reducing costs through scalable cloud-based solutions, and addressing cybersecurity vulnerabilities. DT technology has the potential to revolutionize railway infrastructure management, ensuring greater efficiency, safety, and sustainability.