Multifaceted functions of DELLA proteins in plant ontogeny and the molecular pathways leading to tree dwarfing

DELLA proteins exhibit multifaceted functions during plant growth and development and are closely associated with tree dwarfing. This review comprehensively examined the structural characteristics and functional diversity of DELLA proteins and analyzed their regulatory impacts across critical stages of plant ontogeny, including seed germination, aboveground growth, root growth, floral organ formation, and fruit development. Furthermore, we evaluated the molecular mechanisms of tree dwarfing, focusing on genetic determinants, dysregulation of hormonal signaling, and environmental induction. Despite remarkable research accomplishments, further investigations are required to clarify the precise molecular interactions with other signaling pathways, develop advanced detection techniques to monitor their dynamics, explore their roles in plant adaptation to climate change, and expand the applications of synthetic biology and genetic engineering, which are of great significance for understanding the regulation of plant growth and development and promoting relevant agricultural and forestry development.