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Review | Open Access

Cancer research revolutionized: Unveiling the power of organoids and their therapeutic potential in oncology

Yingxin Zhang1,2,#, Ming Liu2,#, Na Xie3, Zhoufeng Wang4, Chuanjiang Yu5, Jing Li2( ), Xikun Zhou1( )
Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Sichuan, China
Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, USA

# These authors contributed equally to this work

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Highlights

· Organoids are three-dimensional (3D) in vitro structures formed by stem cells through self-organization.

· Tumor organoids of various disease types have been successfully established.

· Organoids play a pivotal role in advancing cancer research and treatment strategies.

· Organoids hold significant promise in advancing personalized precision medicine.

Abstract

Organoids are in vitro microstructures similar to the source tissue formed by the self-organizing construction of stem cells from various sources. It is now widely recognized as a powerful in vitro model to facilitate cancer research and personalized precision therapy. Since the successful establishment of the first organoid model in 2009, there has been a global upsurge in organoid research. At present, organoids have been widely used in research on the mechanism of cancer occurrence and development, the study of cell interactions in the tumor microenvironment, the development and screening of new drugs, and the individualized precision treatment of cancer. In addition, the development of organoid chip technology and the establishment of organoid biobanks are expected to further promote the irreplaceable role of organoids in precision medical treatment. In this review, we offer a comprehensive outline of the historical development of organoids and their advantages, focusing on the latest progress and application of organoids in cancer research. We also discuss the problems that need to be solved and the potential applications of organoids. This review summarizes the impact and potential of organoids in cancer research and treatment, and we also provide a comprehensive view of organoid applications in cancer.

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Keywords

organoidscancerprecision treatmentdrug development

References

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hLife
Volume 3 Issue 5,
May 2025
Pages 216-236
DOI: 10.1016/j.hlife.2024.05.002

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Zhang Y, Liu M, Xie N, et al. Cancer research revolutionized: Unveiling the power of organoids and their therapeutic potential in oncology. hLife, 2025, 3(5): 216-236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hlife.2024.05.002

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Received: 21 February 2024
Revised: 09 May 2024
Accepted: 10 May 2024
Published: 01 May 2025
© 2024 The Authors.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).