Microglia-neuron crosstalk in intracerebral hemorrhage: from neuroimmunomodulation to neurorepair

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains a devastating disease with high mortality and disability rates, yet effective therapeutic strategies are still limited. Emerging evidence has highlighted that the dynamic crosstalk between microglia and neurons plays a central role in both secondary brain injury and subsequent neural repair. We briefly summarize recent advances regarding how neurons actively modulate microglial phenotypes via soluble mediators and cell–surface signaling axes . We also discuss the dual role of microglia in hematoma clearance, inflammation resolution and tissue remodeling. We propose that targeting microglia–neuron interactions may represent a promising strategy for neuroimmunoregulation and neurorepair after ICH.