Application and future directions of brain-computer interfaces in neurological disorders: Technological advances, clinical practices, and challenges

Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) represent an innovative frontier in technology, establishing a direct link between the brain and external devices. This rapidly evolving field is increasingly recognized as an essential tool for the diagnosis, motor function recovery, and treatment of neurological disorders. This review comprehensively covers BCI applications for neurological conditions such as motor disabilities, speech impairments, cognitive dysfunction, and sensory deficits. Key elements of the review include the operational principles of BCIs, significant technological advancements such as flexible neural interfaces and closed-loop neurostimulation, and clinical case studies with assessment metrics used in practice. Furthermore, the article explores the technical challenges and ethical considerations related to BCIs. It also discusses future trends, particularly the integration of artificial intelligence and virtual reality. Additionally, it highlights the development of personalized digital prescription systems, which deliver customized therapeutic strategies via digital platforms. This review systematically consolidates current knowledge to serve as a valuable reference for researchers and clinicians in neuroscience, neurorehabilitation, and neuroengineering. It aims to foster clinical translation and drive innovative progress in BCI technologies.