Trained immunity: New insights into pathogenesis and therapeutic targets in diabetes and diabetic complications

Diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic condition, is marked by ongoing hyperglycemia and poses an increasing global health issue. Beyond its recognized contribution to the development of cardiovascular diseases and kidney problems, diabetes can profoundly impact immune system functions. Recent developments in immunology have revealed trained immunity as a mechanism through which innate immune cells experience enduring functional modifications following their first encounter with specific stimuli. This review compiles the latest evidence concerning the role of trained immunity in the development of diabetes and its complications. Moreover, it discusses emerging therapeutic opportunities that may arise from modulating trained immunity pathways. This review emphasizes the complex relationship between metabolic dysregulation and innate immune memory by synthesizing results from various studies. It proposes that focusing on trained immunity may provide innovative approaches for managing diabetes and its related complications.