Journal Home > Volume 11 , Issue 5
Food Science and Human Wellness 2022, 11(5): 1134-1142 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2022.04.005
Review Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 02 June 2022

Natural compounds may contribute in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review

Show Author's Information Maria Eleonora Bizzocaa,  Stefania Leucib,  Michele Davide Mignognab,  Eleonora Lo Muzioc,  Vito Carlo Alberto Caponioa,  Lorenzo Lo Muzioa,d( )
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico Ⅱ University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
C.I.N.B.O. (Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Bio-Oncologia), Chieti 66100, Italy

Peer review under responsibility of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.

Keywords:
Prevention, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Infectious disease, Phytochemicals, Natural compounds, Medicinal plants
Cite this article:
Bizzoca ME, Leuci S, Mignogna MD, et al. Natural compounds may contribute in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review. Food Science and Human Wellness, 2022, 11(5): 1134-1142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fshw.2022.04.005
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

577

Views

43

Downloads

Citations

8

Crossref

7

WoS

7

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Coronavirus pandemic infection is the most important health issue worldwide. Coronavirus disease 2019 is a contagious disease characterized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. To date, excluding the possibility of vaccination, against SARS-CoV-2 infection it is possible to act only with supportive care and non-virus-specific treatments in order to improve the patient's symptoms. Pharmaceutical industry is investigating effects of medicinal plants, phytochemical extracts and aromatic herbs to find out natural substances which may act as antiviral drugs. Several studies have revealed how these substances may interfere with the viral life cycle, viral entry, replication, assembly or discharge, as well as virus-specific host targets or stimulating the host immune system, reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory response. A natural compound can be used as a prophylaxis by people professionally exposed to the risk of contagion and/or positive patients not in intensive care. The aim of this paper is to perform a narrative review of current literature in order to summarize the most studied natural compounds and their modes of action.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Natural compounds may contribute in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infection: a narrative review

Show Author's information Maria Eleonora Bizzocaa, Stefania Leucib, Michele Davide Mignognab, Eleonora Lo Muzioc, Vito Carlo Alberto Caponioa, Lorenzo Lo Muzioa,d( )
Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy
Department of Neurosciences, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico Ⅱ University of Naples, Naples 80131, Italy
Department of Neuroscience and Rehabilitation, University of Ferrara, Ferrara 44121, Italy
C.I.N.B.O. (Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Bio-Oncologia), Chieti 66100, Italy

Peer review under responsibility of KeAi Communications Co., Ltd.

Abstract

Coronavirus pandemic infection is the most important health issue worldwide. Coronavirus disease 2019 is a contagious disease characterized by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. To date, excluding the possibility of vaccination, against SARS-CoV-2 infection it is possible to act only with supportive care and non-virus-specific treatments in order to improve the patient's symptoms. Pharmaceutical industry is investigating effects of medicinal plants, phytochemical extracts and aromatic herbs to find out natural substances which may act as antiviral drugs. Several studies have revealed how these substances may interfere with the viral life cycle, viral entry, replication, assembly or discharge, as well as virus-specific host targets or stimulating the host immune system, reducing oxidative stress and inflammatory response. A natural compound can be used as a prophylaxis by people professionally exposed to the risk of contagion and/or positive patients not in intensive care. The aim of this paper is to perform a narrative review of current literature in order to summarize the most studied natural compounds and their modes of action.

Keywords: Prevention, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Infectious disease, Phytochemicals, Natural compounds, Medicinal plants

References(107)

[1]

L. Zou, F. Ruan, M. Huang, et al., SARS-CoV-2 viral load in upper respiratory specimens of infected patients, N. Engl. J. Med. 382 (2020) 1177-1179. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMc2001737.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]

D.S. Hui, E.I. Azhar, T.A. Madani, et al., The continuing 2019-nCoV epidemic threat of novel coronaviruses to global health—the latest 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak in Wuhan, China, Int. J. Infect. Dis. 91 (2020) 264-266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2020.01.009.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]

K. Zhurakivska, G. Troiano, G. Pannone, et al., An overview of the temporal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in clinical specimens, Front. Public Health 8 (2020) 487. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2020.00487.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]

Z. Xu, L. Shi, Y. Wang, et al., Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome, Lancet Respir. Med. 8 (2020) 420-422. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-2600(20)30076-X.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]

A. Wu, Y. Peng, B. Huang, et al., Genome composition and divergence of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) originating in China, Cell Host Microbe. 27 (2020) 325-328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chom.2020.02.001.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]

A.R. Fehr, S. Perlman, Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis, Methods Mol. Biol. 1282 (2015) 1-23. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4939-2438-7_1.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]

S. Belouzard, J.K. Millet, B.N. Licitra, et al., Mechanisms of coronavirus cell entry mediated by the viral spike protein, Viruses 4 (2012) 1011-1033. https://doi.org/10.3390/v4061011.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]

H.P. Jia, D.C. Look, L. Shi, et al., ACE2 receptor expression and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection depend on differentiation of human airway epithelia, J. Virol. 79 (2005) 14614-14621. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.79.23.14614-14621.2005.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]

D.A. Dias, S. Urban, U. Roessner, A historical overview of natural products in drug discovery, Metabolites 2 (2012) 303-336. https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo2020303.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]

M. Rasool, A. Malik, A. Manan, et al., Roles of natural compounds from medicinal plants in cancer treatment: structure and mode of action at molecular level, Med. Chem. 11 (2015) 618-628. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573406411666150430120038.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]

B. Noel, S.K. Singh, J.W. Lillard Jr., et al., Role of natural compounds in preventing and treating breast cancer, Front. Biosci (Schol Ed). 12 (2020) 137-160.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]

M.S. Butler, A.A. Robertson, M.A. Cooper, Natural product and natural product derived drugs in clinical trials, Nat. Prod. Rep. 31 (2014)1612-1661. https://doi.org/10.1039/c4np00064a.
DOI Google Scholar
[13]

B. Javadi, A. Sahebkar, Natural products with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities against autoimmune myocarditis, Pharmacol. Res. 124 (2017) 34-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2017.07.022.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]

S. Dudics, D. Langan, R.R. Meka, et al., Natural products for the treatment of autoimmune arthritis: their mechanisms of action, targeted delivery, and interplay with the host microbiome, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19 (2018) 2508. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19092508.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]

J. Xu, J. Liu, G. Yue, et al., Therapeutic effect of the natural compounds baicalein and baicalin on autoimmune diseases, Mol. Med. Rep. 18 (2018) 1149-1154. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2018.9054.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]

H. Ginsburg, E. Deharo, A call for using natural compounds in the development of new antimalarial treatments-an introduction, Malar. J. 10 (1) (2011) 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1186/1475-2875-10-S1-S1.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]

P. Guglielmi, V. Pontecorvi, G. Rotondi, Natural compounds and extracts as novel antimicrobial agents, Expert Opin. Ther. Pat. 30 (2020) 949-962. https://doi.org/10.1080/13543776.2020.1853101.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]

D.X. Liu, T.S. Fung, K.K. Chong, et al., Accessory proteins of SARS-CoV and other coronaviruses, Antiviral Res. 109 (2014) 97-109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.06.013.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]

A.A.T. Naqvi, K. Fatima, T. Mohammad, et al., Insights into SARS-CoV-2 genome, structure, evolution, pathogenesis and therapies: structural genomics approach, Biochim. Biophys. Acta. Mol. Basis. Dis. 1866 (2020) 165878. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165878.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]

B. Xue, D. Blocquel, J. Habchi, et al., Structural disorder in viral proteins, Chem. Rev. 114 (2014) 6880-6911. https://doi.org/10.1021/cr4005692.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]

J.A. EA, I.M. Jones, Membrane binding proteins of coronaviruses, Future Virol. 14 (2019) 275-286. https://doi.org/10.2217/fvl-2018-0144.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]

C. Tang, Z. Deng, X. Li, et al., Helicase of type 2 porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus strain HV reveals a unique structure, Viruses 12 (2020) 215. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020215.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]

C. Muller, F.W. Schulte, K. Lange-Grunweller, et al., Broad-spectrum antiviral activity of the eIF4A inhibitor silvestrol against corona- and picornaviruses, Antiviral. Res. 150 (2018) 123-129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2017.12.010.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]

C. Huang, K.G. Lokugamage, J.M. Rozovics, et al., SARS coronavirus nsp1 protein induces template-dependent endonucleolytic cleavage of mRNAs: viral mRNAs are resistant to nsp1-induced RNA cleavage, PLoS Pathog. 7 (2011) e1002433. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.ppat.1002433.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]

Y.M. Baez-Santos, S.E. St John, A.D. Mesecar, The SARS-coronavirus papain-like protease: structure, function and inhibition by designed antiviral compounds, Antiviral. Res. 115 (2015) 21-38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2014.12.015.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]

S. Jo, S. Kim, D.H. Shin, et al., Inhibition of SARS-CoV 3CL protease by flavonoids, J. Enzyme Inhib. Med. Chem. 35 (2020) 145-151. https://doi.org/10.1080/14756366.2019.1690480.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]

X. Xue, H. Yu, H. Yang, et al., Structures of two coronavirus main proteases: implications for substrate binding and antiviral drug design, J. Virol. 82 (2008) 2515-2527. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.02114-07.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]

B.T.P. Thuy, T.T.A. My, N.T.T. Hai, et al., Correction to Investigation into SARS-CoV-2 resistance of compounds in garlic essential oil, ACS Omega 5 (2020) 16315. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c02641.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]

K.J. Jang, S. Jeong, D.Y. Kang, et al., A high ATP concentration enhances the cooperative translocation of the SARS coronavirus helicase nsP13 in the unwinding of duplex RNA, Sci. Rep. 10 (2020) 4481. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61432-1.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]

K.A. Ivanov, V. Thiel, J.C. Dobbe, et al., Multiple enzymatic activities associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus helicase, J. Virol. 78 (2004) 5619-5632. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.78.11.5619-5632.2004.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]

J. Lan, J. Ge, J. Yu, et al., Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor, Nature 581 (2020) 215-220. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5.
DOI Google Scholar
[32]

M. Hoffmann, H. Kleine-Weber, S. Schroeder, et al., SARS-CoV-2 cell entry depends on ACE2 and TMPRSS2 and is blocked by a clinically proven protease inhibitor, Cell 181 (2020) 271-280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2020.02.052.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]

D. Wrapp, N. Wang, K.S. Corbett, et al., Cryo-EM structure of the 2019-nCoV spike in the prefusion conformation, Science 367(6483) (2020) 1260-1263. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2507.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]

J. Xu, S. Zhao, T. Teng, et al., Systematic comparison of two animal-to-human transmitted human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV, Viruses 12 (2020) 244. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12020244.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]

R.Y. Utomo, M. Ikawati, and E. Meiyanto, Revealing the potency of citrus and galangal constituents to halt SARS-CoV-2 infection, Preprints (2020). https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0214.v1.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]

X. Xu, P. Chen, J. Wang, et al., Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission, Sci. China Life Sci. 63 (2020) 457-460. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11427-020-1637-5.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]

H. Zhang, J.M. Penninger, Y. Li, et al., Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as a SARS-CoV-2 receptor: molecular mechanisms and potential therapeutic target, Intensive Care Med. 46 (2020) 586-590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00134-020-05985-9.
DOI Google Scholar
[38]

R. Yan, Y. Zhang, Y. Li, et al., Structural basis for the recognition of SARS-CoV-2 by full-length human ACE2, Science 367 (2020) 1444-1448. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abb2762.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]

T. Tang, M. Bidon, J.A. Jaimes, et al., Coronavirus membrane fusion mechanism offers a potential target for antiviral development, Antiviral Res. 178 (2020) 104792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2020.104792.
DOI Google Scholar
[40]

F.K. Yoshimoto, The proteins of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2 or n-COV19), the cause of COVID-19, Protein J. 39 (2020) 198-216. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10930-020-09901-4.
DOI Google Scholar
[41]

A. Bartoli, F. Gabrielli, T. Alicandro, et al., COVID-19 treatment options: a difficult journey between failed attempts and experimental drugs, Intern. Emerg. Med. 16 (2021) 281-308. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-020-02569-9.
DOI Google Scholar
[42]

M.N. Boukhatem, W.N. Setzer, Aromatic herbs, medicinal plant-derived essential oils, and phytochemical extracts as potential therapies for coronaviruses: future perspectives, Plants (Basel) 9 (2020) 800. https://doi.org/10.3390/plants9060800.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]

G.F. Parisi, G. Carota, C. Castruccio Castracani, et al., Nutraceuticals in the prevention of viral infections, including COVID-19, among the pediatric population: a review of the literature, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22 (2021) 2465. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22052465.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]

A. Hensel, R. Bauer, M. Heinrich, et al., Challenges at the time of COVID-19: opportunities and innovations in antivirals from nature, Planta Med. 86(10) (2020) 659-664. https://doi.org/10.1055/a-1177-4396.
DOI Google Scholar
[45]

H. Luo, Q.L. Tang, Y.X. Shang, et al., Can Chinese medicine be used for prevention of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19)? a review of historical classics, research evidence and current prevention programs, Chin. J. Integr. Med. 26 (2020) 243-250. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11655-020-3192-6.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]

P.C. Leung, The efficacy of Chinese medicine for SARS: a review of Chinese publications after the crisis, Am. J. Chin. Med. 35 (2007) 575-581. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X07005077.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]

J. Kai, X. Yang, Z. Wang, et al., Oroxylin a promotes PGC-1α/Mfn2 signaling to attenuate hepatocyte pyroptosis via blocking mitochondrial ROS in alcoholic liver disease, Free Radic. Biol. Med. 153 (2020) 89-102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.03.031.
DOI Google Scholar
[48]

Y. Luo, C.Z. Wang, J. Hesse-Fong, et al., Application of Chinese medicine in acute and critical medical conditions, Am. J. Chin. Med. 47 (2019) 1223-1235. https://doi.org/10.1142/S0192415X19500629.
DOI Google Scholar
[49]

K. Wisskirchen, J. Lucifora, T. Michler, et al., New pharmacological strategies to fight enveloped viruses, Trends Pharmacol Sci. 35 (2014) 470-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tips.2014.06.004.
DOI Google Scholar
[50]

M.S. Maginnis, Virus-receptor interactions: the key to cellular invasion, J. Mol. Biol. 430 (2018) 2590-2611. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2018.06.024.
DOI Google Scholar
[51]

A.C. Hsu, Influenza virus: a master tactician in innate immune evasion and novel therapeutic interventions, Front. Immunol. 9 (2018) 743. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2018.00743.
DOI Google Scholar
[52]

K. Ezzat, M. Pernemalm, S. Palsson, et al., The viral protein corona directs viral pathogenesis and amyloid aggregation, Nat. Commun. 10 (2019) 2331. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-10192-2.
DOI Google Scholar
[53]

A. Hasan, B.A. Paray, A. Hussain, et al., A review on the cleavage priming of the spike protein on coronavirus by angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 and furin, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 39(8) (2021) 3025-3033. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1754293.
DOI Google Scholar
[54]

H. Hofmann, K. Pyrc, L. van der Hoek, et al., Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 102 (2005) 7988-7993. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0409465102.
DOI Google Scholar
[55]

X. Huang, W. Dong, A. Milewska, et al., Human coronavirus HKU1 spike protein uses O-acetylated sialic acid as an attachment receptor determinant and employs hemagglutinin-esterase protein as a receptor-destroying enzyme, J. Virol. 89 (2015) 7202-7213. https://doi.org/10.1128/JVI.00854-15.
DOI Google Scholar
[56]

I.M. Ibrahim, D.H. Abdelmalek, M.E. Elshahat, et al., COVID-19 spike-host cell receptor GRP78 binding site prediction, J. Infect. 80 (2020) 554-562. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2020.02.026.
DOI Google Scholar
[57]

V.S. Raj, H. Mou, S.L. Smits, et al., Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC, Nature 495 (2013) 251-254. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature12005.
DOI Google Scholar
[58]

P. Zhou, X.L. Yang, X.G. Wang, et al., A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin, Nature 579 (2020) 270-273. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7.
DOI Google Scholar
[59]

H. Xu, L. Zhong, J. Deng, et al., High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa, Int. J. Oral Sci. 12 (2020) 8. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41368-020-0074-x.
DOI Google Scholar
[60]

A. Pfutzner, M. Lazzara, J. Jantz, Why do people with diabetes have a high risk for severe COVID-19 disease?-a dental hypothesis and possible prevention strategy, J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 14(4) (2020) 769-771. https://doi.org/10.1177/1932296820930287.
DOI Google Scholar
[61]

N. Vankadari, J.A. Wilce, Emerging WuHan (COVID-19) coronavirus: glycan shield and structure prediction of spike glycoprotein and its interaction with human CD26, Emerg Microbes Infect. 9 (2020) 601-604. https://doi.org/10.1080/22221751.2020.1739565.
DOI Google Scholar
[62]

C. Sargiacomo, F. Sotgia, M.P. Lisanti, COVID-19 and chronological aging: senolytics and other anti-aging drugs for the treatment or prevention of corona virus infection? Aging (Albany NY) 12 (2020) 6511-6517. https://doi.org/10.18632/aging.103001.
DOI Google Scholar
[63]

B.T.P. Thuy, T.T.A. My, N.T.T. Hai, et al., Investigation into SARS-CoV-2 resistance of compounds in garlic essential oil, ACS Omega. 5 (2020) 8312-8320. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.0c00772.
DOI Google Scholar
[64]

I. Abdelli, F. Hassani, S. Bekkel Brikci, et al., In silico study the inhibition of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 receptor of COVID-19 by Ammoides verticillata components harvested from Western Algeria, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 39(9) (2021) 3263-3276. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1763199.
DOI Google Scholar
[65]

H. Chen, Q. Du, Potential natural compounds for preventing SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) infection, Preprint (2020). https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202001.0358.v3.
DOI Google Scholar
[66]

J.R. Horne, M.C. Vohl, Biological plausibility for interactions between dietary fat, resveratrol, ACE2, and SARS-CoV illness severity, Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 318 (2020) E830-E833. https://doi.org/10.1152/ajpendo.00150.2020.
DOI Google Scholar
[67]

S. Ahmad, H.W. Abbasi, S. Shahid, et al., Molecular docking, simulation and MM-PBSA studies of nigella sativa compounds: a computational quest to identify potential natural antiviral for COVID-19 treatment, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 39(12) (2021) 4225-4233. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1775129.
DOI Google Scholar
[68]

A.A. Elfiky, Natural products may interfere with SARS-CoV-2 attachment to the host cell, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 39(9) (2020) 3194-3203. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1761881.
DOI Google Scholar
[69]

H. Gu, X. Qi, Y. Jia, et al., Publisher correction: inheritance patterns of the transcriptome in hybrid chickens and their parents revealed by expression analysis, Sci. Rep. 10 (2020) 6855. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63873-0.
DOI Google Scholar
[70]

I. Aanouz, A. Belhassan, K. El-Khatabi, et al., Moroccan medicinal plants as inhibitors against SARS-CoV-2 main protease: computational investigations, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 39(8) (2021) 2971-2979. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1758790.
DOI Google Scholar
[71]

K. Anand, G.J. Palm, J.R. Mesters, et al., Structure of coronavirus main proteinase reveals combination of a chymotrypsin fold with an extra alpha-helical domain, EMBO J. 21 (2002) 3213-3224. https://doi.org/10.1093/emboj/cdf327.
DOI Google Scholar
[72]

H. Yang, M. Yang, Y. Ding, et al., The crystal structures of severe acute respiratory syndrome virus main protease and its complex with an inhibitor, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 100 (2003) 13190-13195. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1835675100.
DOI Google Scholar
[73]

T. Pillaiyar, M. Manickam, V. Namasivayam, et al., An overview of severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus (SARS-CoV) 3CL protease inhibitors: peptidomimetics and small molecule chemotherapy, J. Med. Chem. 59 (2016) 6595-6628. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01461.
DOI Google Scholar
[74]

M.T. Ul Qamar, S.M. Alqahtani, M.A. Alamri, et al., Structural basis of SARS-CoV-2 3CLpro and anti-COVID-19 drug discovery from medicinal plants, J. Pharm. Anal. 10(4) (2020) 313-319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpha.2020.03.009.
DOI Google Scholar
[75]

C.W. Lin, F.J. Tsai, C.H. Tsai, et al., Anti-SARS coronavirus 3C-like protease effects of Isatis indigotica root and plant-derived phenolic compounds, Antiviral. Res. 68 (2005) 36-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2005.07.002.
DOI Google Scholar
[76]

S. Khaerunnisa, H. Kurniawan, R. Awaluddin, et al., Potential inhibitor of COVID-19 main protease (Mpro) from several medicinal plant compounds by molecular docking study, Preprints 2020 (2020) 2020030226. https://doi.org/10.20944/preprints202003.0226.v1.
DOI Google Scholar
[77]

P. Kar, N.R. Sharma, B. Singh, et al., Natural compounds from Clerodendrum spp. as possible therapeutic candidates against SARS-CoV-2: an in silico investigation, J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn. 39(13) (2021) 4774-4785. https://doi.org/10.1080/07391102.2020.1780947.
DOI Google Scholar
[78]

J. Lung, Y.S. Lin, Y.H. Yang, et al., The potential chemical structure of anti-SARS-CoV-2 RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, J. Med. Virol. 92 (2020) 693-697. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25761.
DOI Google Scholar
[79]

A. Derksen, J. Kuhn, W. Hafezi, et al., Antiviral activity of hydroalcoholic extract from Eupatorium perfoliatum L. against the attachment of influenza A virus, J. Ethnopharmacol. 188 (2016) 144-152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jep.2016.05.016.
DOI Google Scholar
[80]

S.J. Kim, J.W. Lee, Y.G. Eun, et al., Pretreatment with a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract downregulates proinflammatory cytokine expression in airway epithelial cells infected with respiratory syncytial virus, Mol. Med. Rep. 19 (2019) 3330-3336. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2019.9967.
DOI Google Scholar
[81]

M.R. Loizzo, A.M. Saab, R. Tundis, et al., Phytochemical analysis and in vitro antiviral activities of the essential oils of seven Lebanon species, Chem. Biodivers. 5 (2008) 461-470. https://doi.org/10.1002/cbdv.200890045.
DOI Google Scholar
[82]

J. Reichling, P. Schnitzler, U. Suschke, et al., Essential oils of aromatic plants with antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, and cytotoxic properties--an overview, Forsch Komplementmed. 16 (2009) 79-90. https://doi.org/10.1159/000207196.
DOI Google Scholar
[83]

S. Soares, E. Brandao, I. Garcia-Estevez, et al., Interaction between ellagitannins and salivary proline-rich proteins, J. Agric. Food Chem. 67 (2019) 9579-9590. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b02574.
DOI Google Scholar
[84]

F. Zahedipour, S.A. Hosseini, T. Sathyapalan, et al., Potential effects of curcumin in the treatment of COVID-19 infection, Phytother. Res. 34(11) (2020) 2911-2920. https://doi.org/10.1002/ptr.6738.
DOI Google Scholar
[85]

K.S. Ahn, G. Sethi, A.K. Jain, et al., Genetic deletion of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 abrogates activation of nuclear factor-kappaB, IkappaBalpha kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, Akt, p38, and p44/42 mitogen-activated protein kinases and potentiates apoptosis, J. Biol. Chem. 281 (2006) 19798-19808. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M601162200.
DOI Google Scholar
[86]

D. Mathew, W.L. Hsu, Antiviral potential of curcumin, J. Funt. Foods 40 (2018) 692-699.
DOI Google Scholar
[87]

D. Praditya, L. Kirchhoff, J. Bruning, et al., Anti-infective properties of the golden spice curcumin, Front. Microbiol. 10 (2019) 912. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2019.00912.
DOI Google Scholar
[88]

Y.R. Puar, M.K. Shanmugam, L. Fan, et al., Evidence for the involvement of the master transcription factor NF-kappaB in cancer initiation and progression, Biomedicines 6 (2018) 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines6030082.
DOI Google Scholar
[89]

C.C. Wen, Y.H. Kuo, J.T. Jan, et al., Specific plant terpenoids and lignoids possess potent antiviral activities against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus, J. Med. Chem. 50 (2007) 4087-4095. https://doi.org/10.1021/jm070295s.
DOI Google Scholar
[90]

D.S. Hui, N. Lee, P.K. Chan, et al., The role of adjuvant immunomodulatory agents for treatment of severe influenza, Antiviral Res. 150 (2018) 202-216. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.01.002.
DOI Google Scholar
[91]

J.M. Nicholls, L.L. Poon, K.C. Lee, et al., Lung pathology of fatal severe acute respiratory syndrome, Lancet 361 (2003) 1773-1778. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13413-7.
DOI Google Scholar
[92]

M.Z. Tay, C.M. Poh, L. Renia, et al., The trinity of COVID-19: immunity, inflammation and intervention, Nat. Rev. Immunol. 20 (2020) 363-374. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41577-020-0311-8.
DOI Google Scholar
[93]

P. Conti, G. Ronconi, A. Caraffa, et al., Induction of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and IL-6) and lung inflammation by Coronavirus-19 (COVI-19 or SARS-CoV-2): anti-inflammatory strategies, J. Biol. Regul. Homeost Agents. 34 (2020) 327-331. https://doi.org/10.23812/CONTI-E.
DOI Google Scholar
[94]

R. Furst, I. Zundorf, Plant-derived anti-inflammatory compounds: hopes and disappointments regarding the translation of preclinical knowledge into clinical progress, Mediators Inflamm. 2014 (2014) 146832. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/146832.
DOI Google Scholar
[95]

S. Fabris, F. Momo, G. Ravagnan, et al., Antioxidant properties of resveratrol and piceid on lipid peroxidation in micelles and monolamellar liposomes, Biophys. Chem. 135 (2008) 76-83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpc.2008.03.005.
DOI Google Scholar
[96]

C. Sansone, C. Brunet, D.M. Noonan, et al., Marine algal antioxidants as potential vectors for controlling viral diseases, Antioxidants (Basel) 9 (2020) 392. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox9050392.
DOI Google Scholar
[97]

H. Malve, Exploring the ocean for new drug developments: marine pharmacology, J. Pharm. Bioallied Sci. 8 (2016) 83-91. https://doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.171700.
DOI Google Scholar
[98]

V.H. Ferreira, A. Nazli, S.E. Dizzell, et al., The anti-inflammatory activity of curcumin protects the genital mucosal epithelial barrier from disruption and blocks replication of HIV-1 and HSV-2, PLoS One 10 (2015) e0124903. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124903.
DOI Google Scholar
[99]

A. Barzegar, A.A. Moosavi-Movahedi, Intracellular ROS protection efficiency and free radical-scavenging activity of curcumin, PLoS One 6 (2011) e26012. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0026012.
DOI Google Scholar
[100]

S. Rong, Y. Zhao, W. Bao, et al., Curcumin prevents chronic alcohol-induced liver disease involving decreasing ROS generation and enhancing antioxidative capacity, Phytomedicine 19 (2012) 545-550. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.phymed.2011.12.006.
DOI Google Scholar
[101]

D. Wichmann, J.P. Sperhake, M. Lutgehetmann, et al., Autopsy findings and venous thromboembolism in patients with COVID-19: a prospective cohort study, Ann. Intern. Med. 173(4) (2020) 268-227. https://doi.org/10.7326/M20-2003.
DOI Google Scholar
[102]

Y. Yang, S. Islam, J. Wang, et al., Traditional Chinese medicine in the treatment of patients infected with 2019-new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2): a review and perspective, Int. J. Biol. Sci. 16 (2020) 1708-1717. https://doi.org/10.7150/ijbs.45538.
DOI Google Scholar
[103]
National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China. Transcript of press conference in 17, February, 2020. http://www.nhc.gov.cn/xcs/s3574/202002/f12a62d10c2a48c6895cedf2faea6e1f.shtml.
[104]

F. Infusino, M. Marazzato, M. Mancone, et al., Diet supplementation, probiotics, and nutraceuticals in SARS-CoV-2 infection: a scoping review, Nutrients 12 (2020) 1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061718.
DOI Google Scholar
[105]

L. Subedi, S. Tchen, B.P. Gaire, et al., Adjunctive nutraceutical therapies for COVID-19, Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22 (2021) 1963. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22041963.
DOI Google Scholar
[106]

N. Pastor, M.C. Collado, P. Manzoni, Phytonutrient and nutraceutical action against COVID-19: current review of characteristics and benefits, Nutrients 13 (2021) 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13020464.
DOI Google Scholar
[107]

T.Y. Chen, D.Y. Chen, H.W. Wen, et al., Inhibition of enveloped viruses infectivity by curcumin, PLoS One 8 (2013) e62482. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0062482.
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 02 April 2021
Revised: 16 April 2021
Accepted: 29 May 2021
Published: 02 June 2022
Issue date: September 2022

Copyright

© 2022 Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgement

This research received no external funding.

Rights and permissions

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

Return