Once upon a time biomass burning in the western Alps: Nesting effects of climate and local drivers on long-term subalpine fires

Christopher Carcaillet; Benjamin Boulley; Frédérique Carcaillet

doi:10.1016/j.fecs.2022.100024

Forest Ecosystems 2022, 9(2): 100024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2022.100024

Research Article |

Open Access | Issue | Published: 09 March 2022

Once upon a time biomass burning in the western Alps: Nesting effects of climate and local drivers on long-term subalpine fires

Show Author's Information Hide Author's Information Christopher Carcaillet^{^a^,^b}(

), Benjamin Boulley^{^a^,^b}, Frédérique Carcaillet^{^c^,^d}

Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE (UMR LEHNA), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France

Paris Sciences & Lettres University (PSL), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), F-75014, Paris, France

NaturCom Chair, Université de Montpellier, F-34000, Montpellier, France

MARBEC (Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD), F-34000, Montpellier, France

Keywords:

Climate, Landscape, Biomass burning, Subalpine forest, Pedoanthracology, Radiocarbon dating, Pyrogenic carbon

Cite this article:

Carcaillet C, Boulley B, Carcaillet F. Once upon a time biomass burning in the western Alps: Nesting effects of climate and local drivers on long-term subalpine fires. Forest Ecosystems, 2022, 9(2): 100024. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fecs.2022.100024

Download citation

EndNote(RIS)

BibTeX

670

Views

Downloads

Citations

Crossref

WoS

Scopus

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Abstract

Background

The present article questions the relative importance of local- and large-scale processes on the long-term dynamics of fire in the subalpine belt in the western Alps. The study is based on soil charcoal dating and identification, several study sites in contrasting environmental conditions, and sampling of soil charcoal along the elevation gradient of each site. Based on local differences in biomass combustion, we hypothesize that local-scale or landscape-scale processes have driven the fire history, while combustion homogeneity supports the hypothesis of the importance of large-scale or macro-ecological processes, especially climate.

Results

Biomass burning during the Holocene resulted from the nesting effects of climate, land use, and altitude, but was little influenced by slope exposure (north versus south), soil (dryness, pH, depth), and vegetation. The mid-Holocene (6500–2700 cal BP) was an important period for climate-driven biomass burning in the subalpine ecosystems of the western Alps, while fires over the last 2500 years appear much more episodic, prompting us to speculate that human activity has played a vital role in their occurrence.

Conclusion

Our working hypothesis that the strength of local drivers should offset the effects of regional climate is not validated. The homogeneity of the fire regime between sites thus underscores that climate was the main driver during the Holocene of the western Alps. Long-term subalpine fires are controlled by climate at the millennial scale. Local conditions matter for little in determining variability at the century scale. The mid-Holocene was a chief period for climatic biomass burning in the subalpine zone, while fires during the late Holocene appear much more episodic, suggesting that social drivers has exercised key function on their control.

Full text

Abstract

Full text

Outline

About this article

Once upon a time biomass burning in the western Alps: Nesting effects of climate and local drivers on long-term subalpine fires

Show Author's information Hide Author's Information Christopher Carcaillet^{^a^,^b}(

), Benjamin Boulley^{^a^,^b}, Frédérique Carcaillet^{^c^,^d}

Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE (UMR LEHNA), F-69622, Villeurbanne, France

Paris Sciences & Lettres University (PSL), École Pratique des Hautes Études (EPHE), F-75014, Paris, France

NaturCom Chair, Université de Montpellier, F-34000, Montpellier, France

MARBEC (Université de Montpellier, CNRS, Ifremer, IRD), F-34000, Montpellier, France

Abstract

Background

Results

Conclusion

Keywords: Climate, Landscape, Biomass burning, Subalpine forest, Pedoanthracology, Radiocarbon dating, Pyrogenic carbon

References(76)

Alexis, M.A., Rumpel, C., Knicker, H., Leifeld, J., Rasse, D., Péchot, N., Bardoux, G., Mariotti, A., 2010. Thermal alteration of organic matter during a shrubland fire: a field study. Org. Geochem. 41, 690-697.

DOI Google Scholar

Allen, T.F.H., 2009. Hierarchy theory in ecology. In: Jorgensen, S.E. (Ed. ), Ecosystem Ecology – a Derivative of Encyclopedia of Ecology. Elsevier, Amsterdam.

DOI

Ascough, P.L., Bird, M.I., Francis, S.M., Thornton, B., Midwood, A.J., Scott, A.C., Apperley, D.C., 2011. Variability in oxidative degradation of charcoal: influence of production conditions and environmental exposure. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 75, 2361-2378.

DOI Google Scholar

Bär, A., Mayr, S., 2020. Bark insulation: ten central alpine tree species compared. For. Ecol. Manag. 474, 118361. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2020.118361.

DOI Google Scholar

Bartoli, C., 1966. Etudes écologiques sur les associations végétales forestières de la Haute Maurienne. Ann. For. Sci. 23, 432-751.

DOI Google Scholar

Bégin, Y., Marguerie, D., 2002. Characterization of tree macroremains production in a recently burned conifer forest in northern Québec, Canada. Plant Ecol. 159, 143-152.

DOI Google Scholar

Blarquez, O., Carcaillet, C., Elzein, T.M., Roiron, P., 2012. Needle accumulation rate model-based reconstruction of palaeo-tree biomass in the western subalpine Alps. Holocene 22, 579-587. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959683611427333.

DOI Google Scholar

Bond, W.J., Keeley, J.E., 2005. Fire as a global ''herbivore": the ecology and evolution of flammable ecosystems. Trends Ecol. Evol. 20, 387-394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2005.04.025.

DOI Google Scholar

Carcaillet, C., 1998. A spatially precise study of fires, climate and human impact within the Maurienne valley, North French Alps. J. Ecol. 86, 384-396. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2745.1998.00267.x.

DOI Google Scholar

Carcaillet, C. 2001. Soil particles reworking evidences by AMS 14C dating of charcoal. Comptes Rendus Acad. Sci. Paris, Ser. II-A. 332, 21-28. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1251-8050(00)01485-3.

DOI Google Scholar

Carcaillet, C., Blarquez, O., 2017. Fire ecology of a tree glacial refugium on a nunatak with a view on Alpine glaciers. New Phytol. 216, 1281-1290. https://doi.org/10.1111/nph.14721.

DOI Google Scholar

Carcaillet, C., Talon, B., 2001. Soil carbon sequestration by Holocene fires inferred from soil charcoal in the dry French Alps. Arct. Antarc. Alp. Res. 33, 282-288. https://doi.org/10.1080/15230430.2001.12003432.

DOI Google Scholar

Carcaillet, C., Thinon, M., 1996. Pedoanthracological contribution to the evolution of the upper treeline in the Maurienne Valley (North French Alps): Methodology and preliminary data. Rev. Palaeobot. Palynol. 91, 399-416. https://doi.org/10.1016/0034-6667(95)00060-7.

DOI Google Scholar

Carnelli, A.L., Theurillat, J.P., Thinon, M., Vadi, G., Talon, B., 2004. Past uppermost tree limit in the central European Alps (Switzerland) based on soil and soil charcoal. Holocene 14, 393-405.

DOI Google Scholar

Clark, J.S., Lynch, J., Stocks, B., Goldammer, J., 1998. Relationships between charcoal particles in air and sediments in west-central Siberia. Holocene 8, 19-29.

DOI Google Scholar

Couillard, P.L., Tremblay, J., Lavoie, M., Payette, S., 2019. Comparative methods for reconstructing fire histories at the stand scale using charcoal records in peat and mineral soils. For. Ecol. Manag. 433, 376-385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. foreco.2018.11.015.

DOI Google Scholar

Criscuoli, I., Alberti, G., Baronti, S., Favilli, F., Martinez, C., Calzolari, C., Pusceddu, E., Rumpel, C., Viola, R., Miglietta, F., 2014. Carbon sequestration and fertility after centennial time scale incorporation of charcoal into soil. PLoS ONE, e91114. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0091114.

DOI Google Scholar

Debelmas, J., 1989. Geologic Map 775, Carte Géologique de la France, feuille de Modane, 1: 50 000. Edition du BRGM, Orléans, France.

Didier, L., 2001. Invasion patterns of European larch and Swiss stone pine in subalpine pastures in the French Alps. For. Ecol. Manag. 145, 67-77.

DOI Google Scholar

Dupire, S., Curt, T., Bigot, S., 2017. Spatio-temporal trends in fire weather in the French Alps. Sci. Total. Environ. 595, 801-817. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.027.

DOI Google Scholar

Dupiré, S., Curt, T., Bigot, S., Fréjaville, T., 2019. Vulnerability of forest ecosystems to fire in the French Alps. Eur. J. For. Res. 138, 813-830. 10.1007/s10342-019-01206-1.

DOI Google Scholar

Flannigan, M.D., Krawchuk, M.A., de Groot, W.J., Wotton, B.M., Gowman, L.M., 2009. Implications of changing climate for global wildland fire. Int. J. Wildland Fire 18, 483e507, https://doi.org/10.1071/WF08187.

DOI Google Scholar

Fréjaville, T., Carcaillet, C., Curt, T., 2013a. Calibration of charcoal production from trees biomass for soil charcoal analyses in subalpine ecosystems. Quat. Intern. 289, 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.quaint.2012.02.043.

DOI Google Scholar

Fréjaville, T., Curt, T., Carcaillet, C., 2013b. Bark flammability as a fire-response trait for subalpine trees. Front Plant Sci. 4, 466. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2013.00466.

DOI Google Scholar

Fréjaville, T., Curt, T., Carcaillet, C., 2018a. Higher potential fire intensity at the dry margins of European mountain trees. J. Biogeogr. 45, 2003-2015. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.13386.

DOI Google Scholar

Fréjaville, T., Vilà-Cabrera, A., Curt, T., Carcaillet, C., 2018b. Aridity and competition drive fire resistance trait covariation in mountain trees. Ecosphere 9, e02493. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.2493.

DOI Google Scholar

Fudral, S., Deville, E., Nicoud, G., Pognante, U., Guillot, P.L., Jaillard, E., 1994. Geologic map 776, Carte Géologique de la France, feuille de Lanslebourg-Mont-d'Ambin, 1: 50 000. Edition du BRGM, Orléans.

Gao, X., Giorgi, F., 2008. Increased aridity in the Mediterranean region under greenhouse gas forcing estimated from high resolution simulations with a regional climate model. Glob. Planet. Change 62, 195-209. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2008.02.002.

DOI Google Scholar

Gavin, D.G., 2001. Estimation of inbuilt age in radiocarbon ages of soil charcoal for fire history studies. Radiocarbon 43, 27-44.

DOI Google Scholar

Gavin, D.G., Brubaker, L.B., Lertzman, K.P., 2003. Holocene fire history of a coastal temperate rain forest based on soil charcoal radiocarbon dates. Ecology 84, 186-201.

DOI Google Scholar

Genries, A., Mercier, L., Lavoie, M., Muller, S.D., Radakovitch, O., Carcaillet, C., 2009a. The effect of fire frequency on local cembra pine populations. Ecology 90, 476-486. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-1740.1.

DOI Google Scholar

Genries, A., Morin, X., Chauchard, S., Carcaillet, C., 2009b. The function of surface fires in the dynamics and structure of a formerly grazed old subalpine forest. J. Ecol. 97, 728-741, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2009.01518.x.

DOI Google Scholar

Genries, A., Muller, S.D., Mercier, L., Bircker, L., Carcaillet, C., 2009c. Fires control spatial variability of subalpine vegetation dynamics during the Holocene in the Maurienne valley (French Alps). Ecoscience 16, 13-22. https://doi.org/10.2980/16-1-3180.

DOI Google Scholar

Hajdas, I., Schlumpf, N., Minikus-Stary, N., Hagedorn, F., Eckmeier, E., Schoch, W., Burga, C., Bonani, G., Schmidt, M.W.I., Cherubini, P., 2007. Radiocarbon ages of soil charcoals from the southern Alps, Ticino, Switzerland. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. B 259, 398-402.

DOI Google Scholar

Hellberg, E., Carcaillet, C., 2003. Wood anatomy of West-European Betula: quantitative descriptions and applications for routine identification in paleoecological studies. Ecoscience 10, 370-379. https://doi.org/10.1080/11956860.2003.11682786.

DOI Google Scholar

Im, E.S., Coppola, E., Giorgi, F., Bi, X., 2010. Local effects of climate change over the Alpine region: A study with a high resolution regional climate model with a surrogate climate change scenario. Geophys. Res. Lett. 37, L0570.

DOI Google Scholar

IPCC, 2021. Climate Change 2021: the Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Jacquiot, C., 1955. Atlas d'anatomie des bois de conifères. Centre technique du bois, Paris.

Google Scholar

Jacquiot, C., Trenard, Y., Dirol, D., 1973. Atlas d'anatomie des bois des Angiospermes (Essences feuillues). Centre technique du bois, Paris.

Google Scholar

Kasin, I., Ellingsen, V.M., Aspun, J., Ohlson, M., 2017. Spatial and temporal dynamics of the soil charcoal pool in relation to fire history in a boreal forest landscape. Can. J. For. Res. 47, 28-35.

DOI Google Scholar

Lê, S., Josse, J., Husson, F., 2008. FactoMineR: An R Package for Multivariate Analysis. J. Stat. Software 25, 1-18.

DOI Google Scholar

Leys, B., Carcaillet, C., 2016. Subalpine fires: the roles of vegetation, climate and, ultimately, land uses. Clim. Change 135, 683-697 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-016-1594-4.

DOI Google Scholar

Lingua, E., Cherubini, P., Motta, R., Nola, P., 2008. Spatial structure along an altitudinal gradient in the Italian central Alps suggests competition and facilitation among coniferous species. J. Veg. Sci. 19, 425-436.

DOI Google Scholar

Loehman, R.A., Reinhardt, E., Riley, K.L., 2014. Wildland fire emissions, carbon and climate: Seeing the forest and the trees - Across-scale assessment of wildfire and carbon dynamics in fire-prone, forested ecosystems. For. Ecol. Manage. 317, 9-19.

DOI Google Scholar

Lynch, J.A., Clark, J.S., Stocks, B.J., 2004. Charcoal production, dispersal, and deposition from the Fort Providence experimental fire: Interpreting fire regimes from charcoal records in boreal forests. Can. J. For. Res. 34, 1642-1656.

DOI Google Scholar

Maezumi, S.Y., Gosling, W.D., Kirschner, J., Chevalier, M., Cornelissen, H.L., Jeinecke, T., McMichael, C.N.H., 2021. A modern analogue matching approach to characterize fire temperatures and plant species from charcoal. Palaeogeogr. Palaeoclim. Palaeoecol. 578, 110580. http://doi.org/10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110580.

DOI Google Scholar

Michczyński, A., 2007. Is it possible to find a good point estimate of a calibrated radiocarbon date? Radiocarbon 49, 393-401. http://doi.org/10.1017/S0033822200042326.

DOI Google Scholar

Moritz, M.A., Batllori, E., Bradstock, R.A., Gill, M., Handmer, J., Hessburg, P.F., Leonard, J., McCaffrey, S., Odion, D. C, Schoennagel, T., Syphard, D.A., 2014. Learning to coexist with wildfire. Nature 515, 58-66. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13946.

DOI Google Scholar

Moritz, M.A., Parisien, M.A., Batllori, E., Krawchuk, MA, Van Dorn, J, Ganz, DJ, Hayhoe, K, 2012. Climate change and disruptions to global fire activity. Ecosphere 3, 49. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES11-00345.1.

DOI Google Scholar

Motta, R., Lingua, E., 2005. Human impact on size, age, and spatial structure in a mixed European larch and Swiss stone pine forest in the Western Italian Alps. Can. J. For. Res. 35: 1809-1820.

DOI Google Scholar

Mourier, B., Poulenard, J., Chauvel, C., Faivre, P., Carcaillet, C., 2008. Distinguishing subalpine soil types using extractible Al and Fe fractions and REE geochemistry. Geoderma 145, 107-120. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2008.03.001.

DOI Google Scholar

Novakov, T., Cachier, H., Clark, J.S., Gaudichet, A., Macko, S., Masclet, P., 1997. Characterization of particulate products of biomass combustion, In: Clark, J.S., Cachier, H., Goldammer, J.G., Stocks, B. (eds), Sediment Records of Biomass Burning and Global Change, pp. 117-143. Springer Verlag, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59171-6_6.

DOI

Ohlson, M., Kasin, I., Nordtug Wist, A., Bjune, A.E., 2013. Size and spatial structure of the soil and lacustrine charcoal pool across a boreal forest watershed. Quat. Res. 80, 417-424.

DOI Google Scholar

Ohlson, M., Tryterud, E., 2000. Interpretation of the charcoal record in forest soils: Forest fires and their production and deposition of macroscopic charcoal. Holocene 10, 519-525.

DOI Google Scholar

O'Neill, R.V., 1988. Hierarchy theory and global change. In: Rosswall, T., Woodmansee, R.G., Risser, P.G. (Eds. ), Scales and Global Change. Wiley, New York, pp. 29–45.

Payette, S., Delwaide, A., Schaffhauser, A., Magnan, G., 2012. Calculating long-term fire frequency at the stand scale from charcoal data. Ecosphere 3, 59. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES12-00026.1.

DOI Google Scholar

Payette, S., Gagnon, R., 1985. Late Holocene deforestation and tree regeneration in the forest-tundra of Quebec. Nature 202, 469-461.

Google Scholar

Power, M.J., Marlon, J., Ortiz, N., Bartlein, P.J., Harrison, S.P., Mayle, F.E., Ballouche, A., Bradshaw, R.H.W., Carcaillet, C., Cordova, C., Mooney, S., Moreno, P.I., Prentice, I.C., Thonicke, K., Tinner, W., Whitlock, C., Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., Ali, A.A., Anderson, R.S., Beer, R., Behling, H., Briles, C., Brown, K.J., Brunelle, A., Bush, M., Camill, P., Chu, G.Q., Clark, J., Colombaroli, D., Connor, S., Daniau, A. -L., Daniels, M., Dodson, J., Doughty, E., Edwards, M.E., Finsinger, W., Foster, D., Frechette, J., Gaillard, M. -J., Gavin, D.G., Gobet, E., Haberle, S., Hallett, D.J., Higuera, P., Hope, G., Horn, S., Inoue, J., Kaltenrieder, P., Kennedy, L., Kong, Z.C., Larsen, C., Long, C.J., Lynch, J., Lynch, E.A., McGlone, M., Meeks, S., Mensing, S., Meyer, G., Minckley, T., Mohr, J., Nelson, D.M., New, J., Newnham, R., Noti, R., Oswald, W., Pierce, J., Richard, P.J.H., Rowe, C., Sanchez Goñi, M.F., Shuman, B.N., Takahara, H., Toney, J., Turney, C., Urrego-Sanchez, D.H., Umbanhowar, C., Vandergoes, M., Vanniere, B., Vescovi, E., Walsh, M., Wang, X., Williams, N., Wilmshurst, J., Zhang, J.H., 2008. Changes in fire regimes since the Last Glacial Maximum: an assessment based on a global synthesis and analysis of charcoal data. Clim. Dyn. 30, 887-907. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00382-007-0334-x.

DOI Google Scholar

Piedallu, C., Gégout, J.C. (2007) Multiscale computation of solar radiation for predictive vegetation modelling. Ann. For. Sci. 64, 899-909.

DOI Google Scholar

Preston, C.M., Schmidt, M.W.I., 2006. Black (pyrogenic) carbon: a synthesis of current knowledge and uncertainties with special consideration of boreal regions. Biogeosciences 3, 397-420.

DOI Google Scholar

Saulnier, M., Talon, B., Edouard, J.L., 2015. New pedoanthracological data for the long-term history of forest species at mid-high altitudes in the Queyras Valley (Inner Alps). Quat. Int. 366, 15-24.

DOI Google Scholar

Schumacher, S., Bugmann, H. 2006. The relative importance of climatic effects, wildfires and management for future forest landscape dynamics in the Swiss Alps. Glob. Change Biol. 12, 1435e1450. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2006.01188.x.

DOI Google Scholar

Schweingruber, F.H., 1990. Anatomie Europäischer Hölzer. Paul Haupt, Bern.

Stuiver, M., Reimer, P.J., Reimer, R.W., 2021. Calib 8.2 [WWW program]. http://calib.org.

Talon, B., 1997. Etude anatomique et comparative de charbons de bois de Larix decidua Mill. et de Picea abies (L. ) Karst. C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris Life Science 320, 581-588.

Google Scholar

Talon, B., 2004. Wood anatomical criteria for identification of European Boreo-Alpine Ericaceae. In: International Symposium of Wood Sciences. IAWA-IAWS, Montpellier, France, 24-29 October 2004.

Talon, B., 2010. Reconstruction of Holocene high altitude vegetation cover in the French Southern Alps: evidence from soil charcoal. Holocene 20, 34-44.

Google Scholar

Talon, B., Payette, S., Filion, L., Delwaide, A., 2005. Reconstruction of the long-term fire history of an old-growth deciduous forest in southern Quebec, Canada, from charred wood in mineral soils. Quat. Res. 64, 36-43.

DOI Google Scholar

Tasser, E., Tappeiner, U., 2002. Impact of land use changes on mountain vegetation. App. Veg. Sci. 5, 173-184.

DOI Google Scholar

Tasser, E., Walde, J., Tappeiner, U., Teutsch, A., Noggler, W., 2007. Land use changes and natural reforestation in the Eastern Central Alps. Agr. Ecosyst. Environ. 118, 115-129.

DOI Google Scholar

Telford, R.J., Heegaard, E., Birks, H.J.B., 2004. The intercept is a poor estimate of a calibrated radiocarbon age. Holocene 14, 296-298.

DOI Google Scholar

Théry-Parisot, I., 2002. Fuel management (bone and wood) during the Lower Aurignacian in the Pataud Rock Shelter (Lower Palaeolithic, Les Eyzies de Tayrac, Dordogne, France). Contribution of experimentation. J. Archaeol. Sci. 29, 1415-1421.

DOI Google Scholar

Tian, Y.Q., Davies-Colley, R.J., Gong, P., Thorrold, B.W., 2001. Estimating solar radiation on slopes of arbitrary aspect. Agr. For. Meteorol. 109, 67-74.

DOI Google Scholar

Vannière, B., Blarquez, O., Rius, D., Doyen, E., Brucher, T., Colombaroli, D., Connor, S., Feurdean, A., Hickler, T.M., Kaltenrieder, P., Lemmon, C., Leys, B., Massa, C., Olofsson, J. (2016) 7000-year human legacy of elevation-dependent European fire regimes. Quat. Sci. Rev. 132, 206-212.

DOI Google Scholar

Yocom Kent, L.L., Fulé, P.Z., Brown, P.M., Cerano-Paredes, J., Cornejo-Oviedo, E., Cortés Montano, C., Drury, S.A., Falk, D.A., Meunier, J., Poulos, H.M., Skinner, C.N., Stephens, S.L., Villanueva-Dìaz, J., 2017. Climate drives fire synchrony but local factors control fire regime change in northern Mexico. Ecosphere 8, e01709. https://doi.org/10.1002/ecs2.1709.

DOI Google Scholar

Zumbrunnen, T., Bugmann, H., Conedera, M., Bürgi, M., 2009. Linking forest fire regimes and climate - a historical analysis in a dry inner Alpine valley. Ecosystems 12, 73-86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-008-9207-3.

DOI Google Scholar

About this article

Publication history

Acknowledgements

Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 07 March 2022

Accepted: 07 March 2022

Published: 09 March 2022

Issue date: April 2022

Copyright

Acknowledgements

A reviewer is warmly thanked for his/her relevant recommendations. We thank Marion Martinez, who assisted with charcoal identification on the Lanslevillard site during her Master internship at the EPHE, and also Adam Ali, Olivier Blarquez, Jean-Jacques Brun, Lydie Feltgen, Brice Mourier, Brigitte Talon, and Michel Thinon for their help during fieldwork. This study could hardly have been carried out without the availability of the charcoal lab facilities at the IMBE, Marseille, notably during the internship of Marion Martinez; many thanks to Brigitte Talon for her kind hospitality. The English text was edited by SEES-Editing Ltd.

Rights and permissions

This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).