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Commentary | Open Access

Beyond animal testing: An integrated framework for modern chemical hazard identification and risk assessment

Tuantuan Fana,b, Zhenfei Yana, Chenglian Fenga,b( ), Fengchang Wua
State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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Environmental Science and Ecotechnology
Volume 28,
November 2025
DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2025.100638

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Cite this article:
Fan T, Yan Z, Feng C, et al. Beyond animal testing: An integrated framework for modern chemical hazard identification and risk assessment. Environmental Science and Ecotechnology, 2025, 28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ese.2025.100638

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Received: 18 August 2025
Published: 01 November 2025
© 2025 The Authors. Chinese Society for Environmental Sciences, Harbin Institute of Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences.

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).