Plumage assisted divergence in a vocally complex island endemic: The <i>Dicrurus paradiseus</i> species complex in Sri Lanka

Sanjaya Weerakkody; Eben Goodale; Vimukthi R. Gunasekara; Yang Liu; Praveen Karanth; Sampath S. Seneviratne

doi:10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100132

Avian Research 2023, 14(4): 100132 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100132

Research Article |

Open Access | Issue | Published: 28 August 2023

Plumage assisted divergence in a vocally complex island endemic: The Dicrurus paradiseus species complex in Sri Lanka

Show Author's Information Hide Author's Information Sanjaya Weerakkody^{^a}, Eben Goodale^{^b^,^c}, Vimukthi R. Gunasekara^{^a}, Yang Liu^{^d}, Praveen Karanth^{^e}, Sampath S. Seneviratne^{^a}(

)

Avian Sciences & Conservation, Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka

Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China

State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, China

Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India

Keywords:

Speciation, Island biogeography, Allospecies, Dicrurus lophorinus, Drongo

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Weerakkody S, Goodale E, Gunasekara VR, et al. Plumage assisted divergence in a vocally complex island endemic: The Dicrurus paradiseus species complex in Sri Lanka. Avian Research, 2023, 14(4): 100132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.avrs.2023.100132

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Abstract

Models of allopatric speciation within an island biogeographic framework suggest that the division of ancestral mainland populations leads to one or more allopatric island species predominantly through natural and sexual selection or genetic drift. Here we studied phenotypic divergence in a phylogenetic framework in the Dicrurus paradiseus allospecies complex in Sri Lanka, a continental island located in the Indian plate, to understand the complexity of phenotypic divergence on an island. Members of the genus Dicrurus are known as drongos and are conserved in morphology and plumage, but highly variable in vocalization due to vocal learning and mimicry. Two closely related drongos are found in Sri Lanka: the endemic D. lophorinus (or D. paradiseus lophorinus to many authors) found in the wet zone of the island and the widespread continental species D. paradiseus, which inhabits the dry zone. Sampling from all major populations, and voucher specimens from museums across their range in Sri Lanka, we examined phenotypic and genetic variation in this group. The phenotype showed two clusters: birds with a fish-like tail and erect crest (D. lophorinus), and birds with elongated tail streamers with backwardly curved crest (D. paradiseus). There was no significant difference in the vocal traits compared. The genetic variation was examined using two nuclear (Myo 2 and c-mos) and two mitochondrial (ND2 and Cytb) loci and the phylogenetic relationship was analyzed using the Bayesian inference coalescent-based species tree estimation method. The quantitative criteria for species delimitation provided a score sufficient to consider these two taxa as distinct species by considering measurements of body and plumage, acoustics, behaviour and distribution. The phylogeny supports distinct species status for the Sri Lanka Drongo (Dicrurus lophorinus) and that the D. lophorinus and D. paradiseus sister pair diverged since 1.35 mya. The variation in the crest and the tail plumage (components of phenotype) were the main contributors of the divergence, despite the similarity in general appearance and vocalization of the allopatric species.

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About this article

Plumage assisted divergence in a vocally complex island endemic: The Dicrurus paradiseus species complex in Sri Lanka

Show Author's information Hide Author's Information Sanjaya Weerakkody^{^a}, Eben Goodale^{^b^,^c}, Vimukthi R. Gunasekara^{^a}, Yang Liu^{^d}, Praveen Karanth^{^e}, Sampath S. Seneviratne^{^a}(

)

Avian Sciences & Conservation, Department of Zoology and Environment Sciences, University of Colombo, Colombo 03, Sri Lanka

Guangxi Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Conservation, College of Forestry, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi, China

Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China

State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Ecology, Sun Yat-sen University, China

Centre for Ecological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India

Abstract

Keywords: Speciation, Island biogeography, Allospecies, Dicrurus lophorinus, Drongo

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Publication history

Received: 22 January 2023

Revised: 20 July 2023

Accepted: 30 July 2023

Published: 28 August 2023

Issue date: December 2023

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge Jude Janith and Lahiru Rajapakhe for their help in the field. Kamal Raj Gosai helped with measuring the Crow-Billed Drongo skins. Members of the Avian Sciences and Conservation assisted in the fieldwork, lab work and analysis. We are grateful to Lankani Somaratne (NMSL) and Kunming Museum of Natural History, for providing details from their respective collections. Macaulay Library of the Cornell Lab of Ornithology provided the recording equipment. Uvini Senanayake helped with creating maps. We thank the editor and two reviewers for their constructive feedback on an earlier version of this manuscript. This study was funded by the Collaborative Research Grants of the University of Colombo (to SS) and the Special Talent Recruitment grant from Guangxi University (to EG). The fieldwork was conducted with the permission of WL/3/2/19/13 (Department of Wildlife Conservation, Sri Lanka) and R&E/RES/NFSRC/2013-01-P-02 (Forest Department, Sri Lanka). All authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.

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This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).