Marine eukaryote bioluminescence: a review of species and their functional biology

Bioluminescence, the ability of organisms to produce visible light, has intrigued scientists for centuries. Studies have examined bioluminescence, using a wide range of approaches and organisms, from its ecological role to its underlying molecular mechanisms, leading to various applications and even a Nobel prize. Over the last ten years, an increasing amount of data has been collected leading to a growing number of recognized marine bioluminescent species. This review provides and describes a referenced listing of the eukaryotic luminous marine species, including information related to: (ⅰ) intrinsic versus extrinsic source of the bioluminescence, (ⅱ) the color and maximum wavelength of emission, (ⅲ) the bioluminescent system (substrate and enzyme) and the associated molecules, (ⅳ) the availability of light organ/cell(s) pattern and histological structure, (ⅴ) the physiological control of the light production, and (ⅵ) the demonstrated or suggested bioluminescent function(s). This listing provides basic information and references for researchers in or entering in the field of marine bioluminescence. Using a semi-quantitative approach, we then highlight major research gaps and opportunities and reflect on the future of the field.