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Computational Visual Media 2023, 9(2): 195-228 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41095-022-0306-4
Review Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 03 January 2023

Foveated rendering: A state-of-the-art survey

Show Author's Information Lili Wang1,2,3,  Xuehuai Shi1( ),  Yi Liu1
State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing 100000,China
Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shengzhen 518000, China
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100000, China
Keywords:
real-time rendering, foveated rendering, virtual reality (VR)
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Wang L, Shi X, Liu Y. Foveated rendering: A state-of-the-art survey. Computational Visual Media, 2023, 9(2): 195-228. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41095-022-0306-4
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Abstract Full text About this article

Recently, virtual reality (VR) technology has been widely used in medical, military, manufac-turing, entertainment, and other fields. These app-lications must simulate different complex material surfaces, various dynamic objects, and complex physical phenomena, increasing the complexity of VR scenes. Current computing devices cannot efficiently render these complex scenes in real time, and delayed rendering makes the content observed by the user inconsistent with the user’s interaction, causing discomfort. Foveated rendering is a promising technique that can accelerate rendering. It takes advantage of human eyes’ inherent features and renders different regions with different qualities without sacrificing perceived visual quality. Foveated rendering research has a history of 31 years and is mainly focused on solving the following three problems. The first is to apply perceptual models of the human visual system into foveated rendering. The second is to render the image with different qualities according to foveation principles. The third is to integrate foveated rendering into existing rendering paradigms to improve rendering performance. In this survey, we review foveated rendering research from 1990 to 2021. We first revisit the visual perceptual models related to foveated rendering. Subsequently, we propose a new foveated rendering taxonomy and then classify and review the research on this basis. Finally, we discuss potential opportunities and open questions in the foveated rendering field. We anticipate that this survey will provide new researchers with a high-level overview of the state-of-the-art in this field, furnish experts with up-to-date information, and offer ideas alongside a framework to VR display software and hardware designers and engineers.


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About this article

Foveated rendering: A state-of-the-art survey

Show Author's information Lili Wang1,2,3, Xuehuai Shi1( ), Yi Liu1
State Key Laboratory of Virtual Reality Technology and Systems, Beihang University, Beijing 100000,China
Peng Cheng Laboratory, Shengzhen 518000, China
Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100000, China

Abstract

Recently, virtual reality (VR) technology has been widely used in medical, military, manufac-turing, entertainment, and other fields. These app-lications must simulate different complex material surfaces, various dynamic objects, and complex physical phenomena, increasing the complexity of VR scenes. Current computing devices cannot efficiently render these complex scenes in real time, and delayed rendering makes the content observed by the user inconsistent with the user’s interaction, causing discomfort. Foveated rendering is a promising technique that can accelerate rendering. It takes advantage of human eyes’ inherent features and renders different regions with different qualities without sacrificing perceived visual quality. Foveated rendering research has a history of 31 years and is mainly focused on solving the following three problems. The first is to apply perceptual models of the human visual system into foveated rendering. The second is to render the image with different qualities according to foveation principles. The third is to integrate foveated rendering into existing rendering paradigms to improve rendering performance. In this survey, we review foveated rendering research from 1990 to 2021. We first revisit the visual perceptual models related to foveated rendering. Subsequently, we propose a new foveated rendering taxonomy and then classify and review the research on this basis. Finally, we discuss potential opportunities and open questions in the foveated rendering field. We anticipate that this survey will provide new researchers with a high-level overview of the state-of-the-art in this field, furnish experts with up-to-date information, and offer ideas alongside a framework to VR display software and hardware designers and engineers.

Keywords: real-time rendering, foveated rendering, virtual reality (VR)

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Received: 21 December 2021
Accepted: 29 July 2022
Published: 03 January 2023
Issue date: June 2023

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This work was supported by National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFC1521102), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61932003), and Beijing Science and Technology Plan (Z221100007722004).

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