A geometric mapping establishes a correspondence between two domains. Since no real object has zero or negative volume, such a mapping is required to be inversion-free. Computing inversion-free mappings is a fundamental task in numerous computer graphics and geometric processing applications, such as deformation, texture mapping, mesh generation, and others. This task is usually formulated as a non-convex, nonlinear, constrained optimization problem. Various methods have been developed to solve this optimization problem. As well as being inversion-free, different applications have various further requirements. We expand the discussion in two directions to (i) problems imposing specific constraints and (ii) combinatorial problems. This report provides a systematic overview of inversion-free mapping construction, a detailed discussion of the construction methods, including their strengths and weaknesses, and a description of open problems in this research field.
School of Mathematical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
Abstract
A geometric mapping establishes a correspondence between two domains. Since no real object has zero or negative volume, such a mapping is required to be inversion-free. Computing inversion-free mappings is a fundamental task in numerous computer graphics and geometric processing applications, such as deformation, texture mapping, mesh generation, and others. This task is usually formulated as a non-convex, nonlinear, constrained optimization problem. Various methods have been developed to solve this optimization problem. As well as being inversion-free, different applications have various further requirements. We expand the discussion in two directions to (i) problems imposing specific constraints and (ii) combinatorial problems. This report provides a systematic overview of inversion-free mapping construction, a detailed discussion of the construction methods, including their strengths and weaknesses, and a description of open problems in this research field.
Sheffer, A.; de Sturler, E. Parameterization of faceted surfaces for meshing using angle-based flattening. Engineering With Computers Vol. 17, No. 3, 326–337, 2001.
Sheffer, A.; Lévy, B.; Mogilnitsky, M.; Bogomyakov, A. ABF++: Fast and robust angle based flattening. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 24, No. 2, 311–330, 2005.
Ben-Chen, M.; Gotsman, C.; Bunin, G. Conformal flattening by curvature prescription and metric scaling. Computer Graphics Forum Vol. 27, No. 2, 449–458, 2008.
Fang, Q.; Zhao, Z. Y.; Liu, Z. Y.; Liu, L. G.; Fu, X. M. Metric first reconstruction for interactive curvature-aware modeling. Computer-Aided Design Vol. 126, 102863, 2020.
Chien, E.; Levi, Z.; Weber, O. Bounded distortion parametrization in the space of metrics. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 35, No. 6, Article No. 215, 2016.
Levi, Z.; Weber, O. On the convexity and feasibility of the bounded distortion harmonic mapping problem. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 35, No. 4, Article No. 106, 2016.
Hughes, T. J. R.; Cottrell, J. A.; Bazilevs, Y. Isogeometric analysis: CAD, finite elements, NURBS, exact geometry and mesh refinement. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering Vol. 194, Nos. 39–41, 4135–4195, 2005.
Nian, X. S.; Chen, F. L. Planar domain parame-terization for isogeometric analysis based on Teichmüller mapping. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering Vol. 311, 41–55, 2016.
Dong, Z. C.; Fu, X. M.; Yang, Z. S.; Liu, L. G. Redirected smooth mappings for multiuser real walking in virtual reality. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 38, No. 5, Article No. 149, 2019.
Dong, Z. C.; Fu, X. M.; Zhang, C.; Wu, K.; Liu, L. G. Smooth assembled mappings for large-scale real walking. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 36, No. 6, Article No. 211, 2017.
Degener, P.; Meseth, J.; Klein, R. An adaptable surface parameterization method. In: Proceedings of the 12th International Meshing Roundtable, 201–213, 2003.
[28]
Hormann, K.; Greiner, G. MIPS: An efficient global parametrization method. In: Curve and Surface Design: Saint-Malo 1999. Laurent, P.-J.; Sablonniere, P.; Schumaker, L. L. Eds. Vanderbilt University Press, 153–162, 2000.
[29]
Lévy, B.; Petitjean, S.; Ray, N.; Maillot, J. Least squares conformal maps for automatic texture atlas generation. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 21, No. 3, 362–371, 2002.
Liu, L. G.; Zhang, L.; Xu, Y.; Gotsman, C.; Gortler, S. J. A local/global approach to mesh parameterization. Computer Graphics Forum Vol. 27, No. 5, 1495–1504, 2008.
Liu, T. T.; Gao, M.; Zhu, L. F.; Sifakis, E.; Kavan, L. Fast and robust inversion-free shape manipulation. Computer Graphics Forum Vol. 35, No. 2, 1–11, 2016.
Kovalsky, S. Z.; Galun, M.; Lipman, Y. Accelerated quadratic proxy for geometric optimization. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 35, No. 4, Article No. 134, 2016.
Hormann, K. Theory and applications of parame-terizing triangulations. Ph.D. Thesis. Department of Computer Science, University of Erlangen, 2001.
[47]
Kovalsky, S. Z.; Galun, M.; Lipman, Y. Accelerated quadratic proxy for geometric optimization. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 35, No. 4, Article No. 134, 2016.
Nocedal, J.; Wright, S. J. Numerical Optimization, 2nd edn. New York: Springer, 2006.
[49]
Jiang, L. J.; Byrd, R. H.; Eskow, E.; Schnabel, R. B. A preconditioned L-BFGS algorithm with application to molecular energy minimization. Technical Report. CU-CS-982-04. Department of Computer Science, University of Colorado, 2004.
Teran, J.; Sifakis, E.; Irving, G.; Fedkiw, R. Robust quasistatic finite elements and flesh simulation. In: Proceedings of the ACM SIGGRAPH/Eurographics Symposium on Computer Animation, 181–190, 2005.
Golla, B.; Seidel, H. P.; Chen, R. J. Piecewise linear mapping optimization based on the complex view. Computer Graphics Forum Vol. 37, No. 7, 233–243, 2018.
Smith, B.; De Goes, F.; Kim, T. Analytic eigensystems for isotropic distortion energies. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 38, No. 1, Article No. 3, 2019.
Ho, K. T.; Lui, L. M. QCMC: Quasi-conformal parameterizations for multiply-connected domains. Advances in Computational Mathematics Vol. 42, No. 2, 279–312, 2016.
Zeng, W.; Gu, X. D. Registration for 3D surfaces with large deformations using quasi-conformal curvature flow. In: Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2457–2464, 2011.
Ma, M.; Lei, N.; Chen, W.; Su, K. H.; Gu, X. F. Robust surface registration using optimal mass transport and Teichmüller mapping.Graphical Models Vol. 90, 13–23, 2017.
Daripa, P. A fast algorithm to solve the Beltrami equation with applications to quasiconformal mappings. Journal of Computational Physics Vol. 106, No. 2, 355–365, 1993.
Wong, T. W.; Zhao, H. K. Computation of quasi-conformal surface maps using discrete beltrami flow. SIAM Journal on Imaging Sciences Vol. 7, No. 4, 2675–2699, 2014.
Lui, L. M.; Wong, T. W.; Zeng, W.; Gu, X. F.; Thompson, P. M.; Chan, T. F.; Yau, S.-T. Optimization of surface registrations using beltrami holomorphic flow. Journal of Scientific Computing Vol. 50, No. 3, 557–585, 2012.
Zeng, W.; Lui, L. M.; Luo, F.; Chan, T. F. C.; Yau, S. T.; Gu, D. X. Computing quasiconformal maps using an auxiliary metric and discrete curvature flow. Numerische Mathematik Vol. 121, No. 4, 671–703, 2012.
Peng, Y.; Deng, B. L.; Zhang, J. Y.; Geng, F. Y.; Qin, W. J.; Liu, L. G. Anderson acceleration for geometry optimization and physics simulation.ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 37, No. 4, Article No. 42, 2018.
Xu, Y.; Chen, R. J.; Gotsman, C.; Liu, L. G. Embedding a triangular graph within a given boundary. Computer Aided Geometric Design Vol. 28, No. 6, 349–356, 2011.
Du, X. Y.; Aigerman, N.; Zhou, Q. N.; Kovalsky, S. Z.; Yan, Y. J.; Kaufman, D. M.; Ju, T. Lifting simplices to find injectivity. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 39, No. 4, Article No. 120, 2020.
Escobar, J. M.; Rodríguez, E.; Montenegro, R.; Montero, G.; González-Yuste, J. M. Simultaneous untangling and smoothing of tetrahedral meshes. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering Vol. 192, No. 25, 2775–2787, 2003.
Yang, Y.; Fu, X. M.; Chai, S. M.; Xiao, S. W.; Liu, L. G. Volume-enhanced compatible remeshing of 3D models. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics Vol. 25, No. 10, 2999–3010, 2019.
Zayer, R.; Lévy, B.; Seidel, H.-P. Linear angle based parameterization. In: Proceedings of the 5th Eurographics Symposium on Geometry Processing, 135–141, 2007.
[75]
Crane, K.; Pinkall, U.; Schröder, P. Robust fairing via conformal curvature flow. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 32, No. 4, Article No. 61, 2013.
Wang, Y. L.; Shi, J.; Yin, X. T.; Gu, X. F.; Chan, T. F.; Yau, S. T.; Toga, A. W.; Thompson, P. M. Brain surface conformal parameterization with the ricci flow. IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging Vol. 31, No. 2, 251–264, 2012.
Zhang, W. J.; Ma, Y. W.; Zheng, J. M.; Allen, W. J. Tetrahedral mesh deformation with positional constraints. Computer Aided Geometric Design Vol. 81, 101909, 2020.
Hu, X.; Fu, X. M.; Liu, L. G. Advanced hierarchical spherical parameterizations. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics Vol. 24, No. 6, 1930–1941, 2018.
Müller, M.; Chentanez, N.; Kim, T. Y.; Macklin, M. Air meshes for robust collision handling. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 34, No. 4, Article No. 133, 2015.
Misztal, M. K.; Bærentzen, J. A. Topology-adaptive interface tracking using the deformable simplicial complex. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 31, No. 3, Article No. 24, 2012.
Ye, C. Y.; Su, J. P.; Liu, L. G.; Fu, X. M. Memory-efficient bijective parameterizations of very-large-scale models. Computer Graphics Forum Vol. 39, No. 7, 1–12, 2020.
Hormann, K.; Lévy, B.; Sheffer, A. Mesh parame-terization: Theory and practice. In: Proceedings of the SIGGRAPH ’07: ACM SIGGRAPH 2007 Courses, 1–es, 2007.
Alexa, M. Merging polyhedral shapes with scattered features. In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Shape Modeling and Applications, 202–210, 1999.
Kwok, T. H.; Zhang, Y. B.; Wang, C. C. L. Efficient optimization of common base domains for cross parameterization. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics Vol. 18, No. 10, 1678–1692, 2012.
Chang, C.-C.; Lin, C.-Y. Texture tiling on 3D models using automatic PolyCube-maps and Wang tiles. Journal of Information Science and Engineering Vol. 26, No. 1, 291–305, 2010.
Huang, J.; Jiang, T. F.; Shi, Z. Y.; Tong, Y. Y.; Bao, H. J.; Desbrun, M. ℓ1-based construction of polycube maps from complex shapes. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 33, No. 3, Article No. 25, 2014.
Xiao, S. W.; Kang, H. M.; Fu, X. M.; Chen, F. L. Computing IGA-suitable planar parameterizations by PolySquare-enhanced domain partition. Computer Aided Geometric Design Vol. 62, 29–43, 2018.
Guo, H. X.; Liu, X. H.; Yan, D. M.; Liu, Y. Cut-enhanced PolyCube-maps for feature-aware all-hex meshing. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 39, No. 4, Article No. 106, 2020.
Xia, J.; Garcia, I.; He, Y.; Xin, S. Q.; Patow, G. Editable polycube map for GPU-based subdivision surfaces. In: Proceedings of the Symposium on Interactive 3D Graphics and Games, 151–158, 2011.
Liu, H. Y.; Fu, X. M.; Ye, C. Y.; Chai, S. M.; Liu, L. G. Atlas refinement with bounded packing efficiency. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 38, No. 4, Article No. 33, 2019.
Zhang, C.; Xu, M. F.; Chai, S. M.; Fu, X. M. Robust atlas generation via angle-based segmentation. Computer Aided Geometric Design Vol. 79, 101854, 2020.
Eppstein, D.; Mumford, E. Steinitz theorems for orthogonal polyhedra. In: Proceedings of the 26th Annual Symposium on Computational Geometry, 429–438, 2010.
Campen, M.; Shen, H. X.; Zhou, J. R.; Zorin, D. Seamless parametrization with arbitrary cones for arbitrary genus. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 39, No. 1, Article No. 2, 2020.
Gu, X.; Yau, S.-T. Global conformal surface parameterization. In: Proceedings of the Eurographics/ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Geometry Processing, 127–137, 2003.
[130]
Bommes, D.; Zimmer, H.; Kobbelt, L. Mixed-integer quadrangulation. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 28, No. 3, Article No. 77, 2009.
Hefetz, E. F.; Chien, E.; Weber, O. A subspace method for fast locally injective harmonic mapping. Computer Graphics Forum Vol. 38, No. 2, 105–119, 2019.
Liu, H.; Zhang, X. T.; Fu, X. M.; Dong, Z. C.; Liu, L. G. Computational peeling art design. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 38, No. 4, Article No. 64, 2019.
Sander, P. V.; Gortler, S. J.; Snyder, J.; Hoppe, H. Signal-specialized parametrization. In: Proceedings of the 13th Eurographics Workshop on Rendering, 87–98, 2002.
[141]
Zhou, K.; Synder, J.; Guo, B. N.; Shum, H. Y. Iso-charts: Stretch-driven mesh parameterization using spectral analysis. In: Proceedings of the Eurographics/ACM SIGGRAPH Symposium on Geometry Processing, 45–54, 2004.
Li, M.; Kaufman, D. M.; Kim, V. G.; Solomon, J.; Sheffer, A. OptCuts: Joint optimization of surface cuts and parameterization. ACM Transactions on Graphics Vol. 37, No. 6, Article No. 247, 2018.
Sheffer, A.; Hart, J. C. Seamster: Inconspicuous low-distortion texture seam layout. In: Proceedings of the IEEE Visualization, 291–298, 2002.
[145]
Sheffer, A. Spanning tree seams for reducing parameterization distortion of triangulated surfaces. In: Proceedings of the Shape Modeling International, 61–272, 2002.
[146]
Chai, S. M.; Fu, X. M.; Hu, X.; Yang, Y.; Liu, L. G. Sphere-based cut construction for planar parameterizations. Computers & Graphics Vol. 74, 66–75, 2018.
Chai, S. M.; Fu, X. M.; Liu, L. G. Voting for distortion points in geometric processing. IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics Vol. 27, No. 4, 2469–2480, 2021.
Byrka, J.; Grandoni, F.; Rothvoss, T.; Sanità, L. Steiner tree approximation via iterative randomized rounding. Journal of the ACM Vol. 60, No. 1, 1–33, 2013.
Pajor, T.; Uchoa, E.; Werneck, R. F. A robust and scalable algorithm for the Steiner problem in graphs. Mathematical Programming Computation Vol. 10, No. 1, 69–118, 2018.
Alliez, P.; Ucelli, G.; Gotsman, C.; Attene, M. Recent advances in remeshing of surfaces. In: Shape Analysis and Structuring. Mathematics and Visualization. De Floriani, L.; Spagnuolo, M. Eds. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 53–82, 2008.
We would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their constructive suggestions and comments. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 61802359 and 61672482) and the USTC Research Funds of the Double First-Class Initiative (No. YD0010002003).
Rights and permissions
This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduc-tion in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Other papers from this open access journal are available free of charge from http://www.springer.com/journal/41095. To submit a manuscript, please go to https://www. editorialmanager.com/cvmj.