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We study the friction when a rectangular tire tread rubber block is sliding on an ice surface at different temperatures ranging from −38 to −2 °C, and sliding speeds ranging from 3 μm/s to 1 cm/s. At low temperatures and low sliding speeds we propose that an important contribution to the friction force is due to slip between the ice surface and ice fragments attached to the rubber surface. At temperatures above −10 °C or for high enough sliding speeds, a thin premelted water film occurs on the ice surface and the contribution to the friction from shearing the area of real contact is small. In this case the dominant contribution to the friction force comes from viscoelastic deformations of the rubber by the ice asperities. We comment on the role of waxing on the friction between skis and snow (ice particles).


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Rubber–ice friction

Show Author's information Toshi TADA1Satoshi KAWASAKI1Ryouske SHIMIZU1Bo N. J. PERSSON2,3( )
Sumitomo Rubber Industries, Ltd., Material Research & Development HQ. 2-1-1, Kobe 651-0071, Japan
Peter Grünberg Institute (PGI-1), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
MultiscaleConsulting, Jülich 52428, Germany

Abstract

We study the friction when a rectangular tire tread rubber block is sliding on an ice surface at different temperatures ranging from −38 to −2 °C, and sliding speeds ranging from 3 μm/s to 1 cm/s. At low temperatures and low sliding speeds we propose that an important contribution to the friction force is due to slip between the ice surface and ice fragments attached to the rubber surface. At temperatures above −10 °C or for high enough sliding speeds, a thin premelted water film occurs on the ice surface and the contribution to the friction from shearing the area of real contact is small. In this case the dominant contribution to the friction force comes from viscoelastic deformations of the rubber by the ice asperities. We comment on the role of waxing on the friction between skis and snow (ice particles).

Keywords: rubber friction, ice friction, ice premelting

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Publication history

Received: 04 August 2022
Revised: 12 October 2022
Accepted: 26 October 2022
Published: 06 January 2023
Issue date: August 2023

Copyright

© The author(s) 2022.

Acknowledgements

We thank A. ALMQVIST and R. LARSSON (Luleå Technical University, Sweden) for comments on the text and for useful discussions.

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