Journal Home > Volume 11 , Issue 7
Friction 2023, 11(7): 1276-1291 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0664-z
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 21 August 2022

Influence of structural depth of laser-patterned steel surfaces on the solid lubricity of carbon nanoparticle coatings

Show Author's Information Timothy MACLUCAS1( ),  Lukas DAUT1,  Philipp GRÜTZMACHER2,  Maria Agustina GUITAR1,  Volker PRESSER3,4,5,  Carsten GACHOT2( ),  Sebastian SUAREZ1,  Frank MÜCKLICH1
Chair of Functional Materials, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
Institute for Engineering Design and Product Development, TU Wien, Wien 1060, Austria
INM–Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
Saarene-Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
Keywords:
solid lubricant coatings, carbon nanotubes, carbon onions, direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) surface structuring, electrophoretic deposition (EPD)
Cite this article:
MACLUCAS T, DAUT L, GRÜTZMACHER P, et al. Influence of structural depth of laser-patterned steel surfaces on the solid lubricity of carbon nanoparticle coatings. Friction, 2023, 11(7): 1276-1291. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-022-0664-z
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

37

Views

0

Downloads

Citations

0

Crossref

2

WoS

3

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Carbon nanoparticle coatings on laser-patterned stainless-steel surfaces present a solid lubrication system where the pattern’s recessions act as lubricant-retaining reservoirs. This study investigates the influence of the structural depth of line patterns coated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon onions (COs) on their respective potential to reduce friction and wear. Direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) with a pulse duration of 12 ps is used to create line patterns with three different structural depths at a periodicity of 3.5 µm on AISI 304 steel platelets. Subsequently, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is applied to form homogeneous carbon nanoparticle coatings on the patterned platelets. Tribological ball-on-disc experiments are conducted on the as-described surfaces with an alumina counter body at a load of 100 mN. The results show that the shallower the coated structure, the lower its coefficient of friction (COF), regardless of the particle type. Thereby, with a minimum of just below 0.20, CNTs reach lower COF values than COs over most of the testing period. The resulting wear tracks are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. During friction testing, the CNTs remain in contact, and the immediate proximity, whereas the CO coating is largely removed. Regardless of structural depth, no oxidation occurs on CNT-coated surfaces, whereas minor oxidation is detected on CO-coated wear tracks.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Influence of structural depth of laser-patterned steel surfaces on the solid lubricity of carbon nanoparticle coatings

Show Author's information Timothy MACLUCAS1( ), Lukas DAUT1, Philipp GRÜTZMACHER2, Maria Agustina GUITAR1, Volker PRESSER3,4,5, Carsten GACHOT2( ), Sebastian SUAREZ1, Frank MÜCKLICH1
Chair of Functional Materials, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
Institute for Engineering Design and Product Development, TU Wien, Wien 1060, Austria
INM–Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
Saarene-Saarland Center for Energy Materials and Sustainability, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany

Abstract

Carbon nanoparticle coatings on laser-patterned stainless-steel surfaces present a solid lubrication system where the pattern’s recessions act as lubricant-retaining reservoirs. This study investigates the influence of the structural depth of line patterns coated with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon onions (COs) on their respective potential to reduce friction and wear. Direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) with a pulse duration of 12 ps is used to create line patterns with three different structural depths at a periodicity of 3.5 µm on AISI 304 steel platelets. Subsequently, electrophoretic deposition (EPD) is applied to form homogeneous carbon nanoparticle coatings on the patterned platelets. Tribological ball-on-disc experiments are conducted on the as-described surfaces with an alumina counter body at a load of 100 mN. The results show that the shallower the coated structure, the lower its coefficient of friction (COF), regardless of the particle type. Thereby, with a minimum of just below 0.20, CNTs reach lower COF values than COs over most of the testing period. The resulting wear tracks are characterized by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. During friction testing, the CNTs remain in contact, and the immediate proximity, whereas the CO coating is largely removed. Regardless of structural depth, no oxidation occurs on CNT-coated surfaces, whereas minor oxidation is detected on CO-coated wear tracks.

Keywords: solid lubricant coatings, carbon nanotubes, carbon onions, direct laser interference patterning (DLIP) surface structuring, electrophoretic deposition (EPD)

References(47)

[1]
Rosenkranz A, Reinert L, Gachot C, Mücklich F. Alignment and wear debris effects between laser-patterned steel surfaces under dry sliding conditions. Wear 318(1–2): 49–61 (2014)
DOI Google Scholar
[2]
Gachot C, Rosenkranz A, Reinert L, Ramos-Moore E, Souza N, Müser M H, Mücklich F. Dry friction between laser-patterned surfaces: Role of alignment, structural wavelength and surface chemistry. Tribol Lett 49: 193–202 (2013)
DOI Google Scholar
[3]
Rosenkranz A, Heib T, Gachot C, Mücklich F. Oil film lifetime and wear particle analysis of laser-patterned stainless steel surfaces. Wear 334–335: 1–12 (2015)
DOI Google Scholar
[4]
Etsion I. State of the art in laser surface texturing. J Tribol 127: 248–253 (2005)
DOI Google Scholar
[5]
Chilamakuri S K, Bhushan B. Optimization of asperities for laser-textured magnetic disk surfaces. Tribol Trans 40(2): 303–311 (1997)
DOI Google Scholar
[6]
Song Y, Premachandran Nair R, Zou M, Wang Y A. Adhesion and friction properties of micro/nano-engineered superhydrophobic/hydrophobic surfaces. Thin Solid Films 518(14): 3801–3807 (2010)
DOI Google Scholar
[7]
Mücklich F, Lasagni A, Daniel C. Laser interference metallurgy—Periodic surface patterning and formation of intermetallics. Intermetallics 13(3–4): 437–442 (2005)
DOI Google Scholar
[8]
Mücklich F, Lasagni A, Daniel C. Laser interference metallurgy—Using interference as a tool for micro/nano structuring. Int J Mater Res 97(10): 1337–1344 (2006)
DOI Google Scholar
[9]
Scharf TW, Prasad S V. Solid lubricants: A review. J Mater Sci 48: 511–531 (2013)
DOI Google Scholar
[10]
Rosenkranz A, Grützmacher P G, Espinoza R, Fuenzalida V M, Blanco E, Escalona N, Gracia F J, Villarroel R, Guo L C, Kang R Y, Mucklich F, Suarez S, Zhang Z Y. Multi-layer Ti3C2Tx-nanoparticles (MXenes) as solid lubricants—Role of surface terminations and intercalated water. Appl Surf Sci 494: 13–21 (2019)
DOI Google Scholar
[11]
Reinert L, Suárez S, Rosenkranz A. Tribo-mechanisms of carbon nanotubes: Friction and wear behavior of CNT-reinforced nickel matrix composites and CNT-coated bulk nickel. Lubricants 4(2): 11 (2016)
DOI Google Scholar
[12]
Reinert L, Green I, Gimmler S, Lechthaler B, Mücklich F, Suàrez S. Tribological behavior of self-lubricating carbon nanoparticle reinforced metal matrix composites. Wear 408–409: 72–85 (2018)
DOI Google Scholar
[13]
Scharf T W, Neira A, Hwang J Y, Tiley J, Banerjee R. Self-lubricating carbon nanotube reinforced nickel matrix composites. J Appl Phys 106: 013508 (2009)
DOI Google Scholar
[14]
Kim K T, Cha S, Hong S H. Hardness and wear resistance of carbon nanotube reinforced Cu matrix nanocomposites. Mater Sci Eng A 449–451: 46–50 (2007)
DOI Google Scholar
[15]
Suárez S, Rosenkranz A, Gachot C, Mücklich F. Enhanced tribological properties of MWCNT/Ni bulk composites— Influence of processing on friction and wear behaviour. Carbon 66: 164–171 (2014)
DOI Google Scholar
[16]
Tan J, Yu T, Xu B, Yao Q. Microstructure and wear resistance of nickel-carbon nanotube composite coating from brush plating technique. Tribol Lett 21: 107–111 (2006)
DOI Google Scholar
[17]
Guiderdoni C, Estournès C, Peigney A, Weibel A, Turq V, Laurent C. The preparation of double-walled carbon nanotube/Cu composites by spark plasma sintering, and their hardness and friction properties. Carbon 49: 4535–4543 (2011)
DOI Google Scholar
[18]
Reinert L, Varenberg M, Mücklich F, Suárez S. Dry friction and wear of self-lubricating carbon-nanotube-containing surfaces. Wear 406–407: 33–42 (2018)
DOI Google Scholar
[19]
Thomas B J C, Boccaccini A R, Shaffer M S P. Multi-walled carbon nanotube coatings using electrophoretic deposition (EPD). J Am Ceram Soc 88(4): 980–982 (2005)
DOI Google Scholar
[20]
MacLucas T, Suarez S. On the solid lubricity of electrophoretically deposited carbon nanohorn coatings. Lubricants 7(8): 62 (2019)
DOI Google Scholar
[21]
Xu J, Chen X, Grützmacher P, Rosenkranz A, Li J, Jin J, Zhang C H, Luo J B. Tribochemical behaviors of onion-like carbon films as high-performance solid lubricants with variable interfacial nanostructures. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11: 25535–25546 (2019)
DOI Google Scholar
[22]
Schäfer C, Reinert L, MacLucas T, Grützmacher P, Merz R, Mücklich F, Suarez S. Influence of surface design on the solid lubricity of carbon nanotubes-coated steel surfaces. Tribol Lett 66: 89 (2018)
DOI Google Scholar
[23]
Reinert L, Lasserre F, Gachot C, Grützmacher P, MacLucas T, Souza N, Mucklich F, Suarez S. Long-lasting solid lubrication by CNT-coated patterned surfaces. Sci Rep 7: 42873 (2017)
DOI Google Scholar
[24]
MacLucas T, Schütz S, Suarez S, Mücklich F. Surface protection of austenitic steels by carbon nanotube coatings. Surf Topogr Metrol Prop 6: 014005 (2018)
DOI Google Scholar
[25]
Reinert L, Schütz S, Suárez S, Mücklich F. Influence of surface roughness on the lubrication effect of carbon nanoparticle-coated steel surfaces. Tribol Lett 66: 45 (2018)
DOI Google Scholar
[26]
Hirata A, Igarashi M, Kaito T. Study on solid lubricant properties of carbon onions produced by heat treatment of diamond clusters or particles. Tribol Int 37(11–12): 899–905 (2004)
DOI Google Scholar
[27]
Hirata A, Yoshioka N. Sliding friction properties of carbon nanotube coatings deposited by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition. Tribol Int 37(11–12): 893–898 (2004)
DOI Google Scholar
[28]
Dickrell P L, Pal S K, Bourne G R, Muratore C, Voevodin A A, Ajayan P M, Schadler L S, Sawyer W G. Tunable friction behavior of oriented carbon nanotube films. Tribol Lett 24: 85–90 (2006)
DOI Google Scholar
[29]
Miyoshi K, Street K W, Vander Wal R L, Andrews R, Sayir A. Solid lubrication by multi-walled carbon nanotubes in air and in vacuum. Tribol Lett 19: 191–201 (2005)
DOI Google Scholar
[30]
Zhang R, Ning Z, Zhang Y, Zheng Q, Chen Q, Xie H, Zhang Q, Qian W Z, Wei F. Superlubricity in centimetres-long double-walled carbon nanotubes under ambient conditions. Nat Nanotechnol 8: 912–916 (2013)
DOI Google Scholar
[31]
Berman D, Narayanan B, Cherukara M J, Sankaranarayanan S K R S, Erdemir A, Zinovev A, Sumant A V. Operando tribochemical formation of onion-like-carbon leads to macroscale superlubricity. Nat Commun 9: 1164 (2018)
DOI Google Scholar
[32]
Berman D, Deshmukh S A, Sankaranarayanan S K R S, Erdemir A, Sumant A V. Macroscale superlubricity enabled by graphene nanoscroll formation. Science 348(6239): 1118–1122 (2015)
DOI Google Scholar
[33]
Gong Z, Bai C, Qiang L, Gao K, Zhang J, Zhang B. Onion-like carbon films endow macro-scale superlubricity. Diam Relat Mater 87: 172–176 (2018)
DOI Google Scholar
[34]
Yu M F, Lourie O, Dyer M J, Moloni K, Kelly T F, Ruoff R S. Strength and breaking mechanism of multi-walled carbon nanotubes under tensile load. Science 287(5453): 637–640 (2000)
DOI Google Scholar
[35]
Wong E W, Sheehan P E, Lieber C M. Nanobeam mechanics: Elasticity, strength, and toughness of nanorods and nanotubes. Science 277(5334): 1971–1975 (1997)
DOI Google Scholar
[36]
Salvetat J P, Bonard J M, Thomson N B, Kulik A J, Forró L, Benoit W, Zuppiroli L. Mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes. Appl Phys A 69: 255–260 (1999)
DOI Google Scholar
[37]
Meyers M A, Mishra A, Benson D J. Mechanical properties of nanocrystalline materials. Prog Mater Sci 51(4): 427–556 (2006)
DOI Google Scholar
[38]
Rosenkranz A, Costa H L, Baykara M Z, Martini A. Synergetic effects of surface texturing and solid lubricants to tailor friction and wear—A review. Tribol Int 155: 106792 (2021)
DOI Google Scholar
[39]
Thomas B J C, Shaffer M S P, Freeman S, Koopman M, Chawla K K, Boccaccini A R. Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes on metallic surfaces. Key Eng Mater 314: 141–146 (2006)
DOI Google Scholar
[40]
Boccaccini A R, Cho J, Roether J A, Thomas B J C, Jane Minay E, Shaffer M S P. Electrophoretic deposition of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 44(15): 3149–3160 (2006)
DOI Google Scholar
[41]
Wu Z S, Pei S, Ren W, Tang D, Gao L, Liu B, Li F, Liu C, Chen H M. Field emission of single-layer graphene films prepared by electrophoretic deposition. Adv Mater 21(17): 1756–1760 (2009)
DOI Google Scholar
[42]
Zeiger M, Jäckel N, Aslan M, Weingarth D, Presser V. Understanding structure and porosity of nanodiamond-derived carbon onions. Carbon 84: 584–598 (2015)
DOI Google Scholar
[43]
Ayache J, Beaunier L, Boumendil J, Ehret G, Laub D. Sample preparation handbook for transmission electron microscopy: Techniques. Springer Science & Business Media, 2010.
DOI
[44]
Blau P J. On the nature of running-in. Tribol Int 38(11–12): 1007–1012 (2005)
DOI Google Scholar
[45]
Aouadi S M, Gao H, Martini A, Scharf T W, Muratore C. Lubricious oxide coatings for extreme temperature applications: A review. Surf Coat Technol 257: 266–277 (2014)
DOI Google Scholar
[46]
Bieda M, Siebold M, Lasagni A F. Fabrication of sub-micron surface structures on copper, stainless steel and titanium using picosecond laser interference patterning. Appl Surf Sci 387: 175–182 (2016)
DOI Google Scholar
[47]
Artyukov I A, Zayarniy D A, Ionin A A, Kudryashov S I, Makarov S V, Saltuganov P N. Relaxation phenomena in electronic and lattice subsystems on iron surface during its ablation by ultrashort laser pulses. JETP Lett 99: 51–55 (2014)
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 04 December 2021
Revised: 07 March 2022
Accepted: 13 June 2022
Published: 21 August 2022
Issue date: July 2023

Copyright

© The author(s) 2022.

Acknowledgements

T. MacLucas and S. Suarez wish to kindly acknowledge financial support by the Deutsche Forschungs-gemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation) within the project MU 959/47-1. Furthermore, the authors gratefully acknowledge funding in the ZuMat project, supported by the State of Saarland from the European Regional Development Fund (Europäischer Fonds für Regionale Entwicklung, EFRE). P. Grützmacher and C. Gachot would like to thank the Government of Lower Austria (WST3) for financially supporting the endowed professorship tribology at the TU Wien. V. Presser thanks Eduard Arzt (INM) for his continuing support.

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Return