Research Article
Open Access
Issue
Published:
04 January 2022
Open Access
Issue
Published:
04 January 2022
Ion energy-induced nanoclustering structure in a-C:H film for achieving robust superlubricity in vacuum
Xinchun CHEN(
),
Chenhui ZHANG(
),
),
Chenhui ZHANG(
),
Keywords:
superlubricity, mechanical properties, hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H), ion energy, nanoclustering, bonding structure
Cite this article:
YU Q, CHEN X, ZHANG C, et al.
Ion energy-induced nanoclustering structure in a-C:H film for achieving robust superlubricity in vacuum.
Friction,
2022, 10(12): 1967-1984.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-021-0555-8
Download citation
491
Views
14
Downloads
Citations
13
Crossref
13
WoS
15
Scopus
0
CSCD
Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films are capable of providing excellent superlubricating properties, which have great potential serving as self-lubricating protective layer for mechanical systems in extreme working conditions. However, it is still a huge challenge to develop a-C:H films capable of achieving robust superlubricity state in vacuum. The main obstacle derives from the lack of knowledge on the influencing mechanism of deposition parameters on the films bonding structure and its relation to their self-lubrication performance. Aiming at finding the optimized deposition energy and revealing its influencing mechanism on superlubricity, a series of highly-hydrogenated a-C:H films were synthesized with appropriate ion energy, and systematic tribological experiments and structural characterization were conducted. The results highlight the pivotal role of ion energy on film composition, nanoclustering structure, and bonding state, which determine mechanical properties of highly-hydrogenated a-C:H films and surface passivation ability and hence their superlubricity performance in vacuum. The optimized superlubricity performance with the lowest friction coefficient of 0.006 coupled with the lowest wear rate emerges when the carbon ion energy is just beyond the penetration threshold of subplantation. The combined growth process of surface chemisorption and subsurface implantation is the key for a-C:H films to acquire stiff nanoclustering network and high volume of hydrogen incorporation, which enables a robust near-frictionless sliding surface. These findings can provide a guidance towards a more effective manipulation of self-lubricating a-C:H films for space application.
menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article
Ion energy-induced nanoclustering structure in a-C:H film for achieving robust superlubricity in vacuum
Xinchun CHEN(
), Chenhui ZHANG(
),
), Chenhui ZHANG(
),
Abstract
Hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H) films are capable of providing excellent superlubricating properties, which have great potential serving as self-lubricating protective layer for mechanical systems in extreme working conditions. However, it is still a huge challenge to develop a-C:H films capable of achieving robust superlubricity state in vacuum. The main obstacle derives from the lack of knowledge on the influencing mechanism of deposition parameters on the films bonding structure and its relation to their self-lubrication performance. Aiming at finding the optimized deposition energy and revealing its influencing mechanism on superlubricity, a series of highly-hydrogenated a-C:H films were synthesized with appropriate ion energy, and systematic tribological experiments and structural characterization were conducted. The results highlight the pivotal role of ion energy on film composition, nanoclustering structure, and bonding state, which determine mechanical properties of highly-hydrogenated a-C:H films and surface passivation ability and hence their superlubricity performance in vacuum. The optimized superlubricity performance with the lowest friction coefficient of 0.006 coupled with the lowest wear rate emerges when the carbon ion energy is just beyond the penetration threshold of subplantation. The combined growth process of surface chemisorption and subsurface implantation is the key for a-C:H films to acquire stiff nanoclustering network and high volume of hydrogen incorporation, which enables a robust near-frictionless sliding surface. These findings can provide a guidance towards a more effective manipulation of self-lubricating a-C:H films for space application.
Keywords:
superlubricity, mechanical properties, hydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C:H), ion energy, nanoclustering, bonding structure
References(115)
[1]
Enke K. Some new results on the fabrication of and the mechanical, electrical and optical properties of i-carbon layers. Thin Solid Films 80(1–3): 227–234 (1981)
[2]
Fontaine J, Loubet J L, Mogne T L, Grill A. Superlow friction of diamond-like carbon films: A relation to viscoplastic properties. Tribol Lett 17(4): 709–714 (2004)
[3]
Tyagi A, Walia R S, Murtaza Q, Pandey S M, Tyagi P K, Bajaj B. A critical review of diamond like carbon coating for wear resistance applications. Int J Refract Met Hard Mater 78: 107–122 (2019)
[4]
Hauert R, Müller U. An overview on tailored tribological and biological behavior of diamond-like carbon. Diam Relat Mater 12(2): 171–177 (2003)
[5]
Erdemir A, Donnet C. Tribology of diamond-like carbon films: Recent progress and future prospects. J Phys D: Appl Phys 39(18): R311–R327 (2006)
[6]
Casiraghi C, Robertson J, Ferrari A C. Diamond-like carbon for data and beer storage. Mater Today 10(1–2): 44–53 (2007)
[7]
Luo J B, Zhou X. Superlubricitive engineering—Future industry nearly getting rid of wear and frictional energy consumption. Friction 8(4): 643–665 (2020)
[8]
Fan X Q, Xue Q J, Wang L P. Carbon-based solid-liquid lubricating coatings for space applications-A review. Friction 3(3): 191–207 (2015)
[9]
Sutton D C, Limbert G, Stewart D, Wood R J K. The friction of diamond-like carbon coatings in a water environment. Friction 1(3): 210–221 (2013)
[10]
Jia Q, Gao K, An Y, Zhang B, Bai C, Wang Z, Zhang J. Fullerene-like structure hydrogenated carbon film: One way to the industrial scale supelubricity. In Prime Archives in Material Science. Heimann R B, Ed. Hyderabad: Vide Leaf, 2020: 1–26
[11]
Ohtake N, Hiratsuka M, Kanda K, Akasaka H, Tsujioka M, Hirakuri K, Hirata A, Ohana T, Inaba H, Kano M, et al. Properties and classification of diamond-like carbon films. Materials 14(2): 315 (2021)
[12]
Bai C N, Gong Z B, An L L, Qiang L, Zhang J Y, Yushkov G, Nikolaev A, Shandrikov M, Zhang B. Adhesion and friction performance of DLC/rubber: The influence of plasma pretreatment. Friction 9(3): 627–641 (2021)
[13]
Liu K, Kang J J, Zhang G A, Lu Z B, Yue W. Effect of temperature and mating pair on tribological properties of DLC and GLC coatings under high pressure lubricated by MoDTC and ZDDP. Friction 9(6): 1390–1405 (2021)
[14]
Braceras I, Ibáñez I, Dominguez-Meister S, Velasco X, Brizuela M, Garmendia I. Electro-tribological properties of diamond like carbon coatings. Friction 8(2): 451–461 (2020)
[15]
Li K S, Xu G, Wen X B, Zhou J, Gong F. High-temperature friction behavior of amorphous carbon coating in glass molding process. Friction 9(6): 1648–1659 (2021)
[16]
Shi P F, Sun J H, Liu Y H, Zhang B, Zhang J Y, Chen L, Qian L M. Running-in behavior of a H-DLC/Al2O3 pair at the nanoscale. Friction 9(6): 1464–1473 (2021)
[17]
Gongyang Y J, Ouyang W G, Qu C Y, Urbakh M, Quan B G, Ma M, Zheng Q S. Temperature and velocity dependent friction of a microscale graphite–DLC heterostructure. Friction 8(2): 462–470 (2020)
[18]
Jang Y J, Kim J I, Lee W, Kim J. Tribological properties of multilayer tetrahedral amorphous carbon coatings deposited by filtered cathodic vacuum arc deposition. Friction 9(5): 1292–1302 (2021)
[19]
Zhong M, Zhang C H, Luo J B, Lu X C. The protective properties of ultra-thin diamond like carbon films for high density magnetic storage devices. Appl Surf Sci 256(1): 322–328 (2009)
[20]
Donnet C, Belin M, Augé J C, Martin J M, Grill A, Patel V. Tribochemistry of diamond-like carbon coatings in various environments. Surf Coat Technol 68–69: 626–631 (1994)
[21]
Donnet C, Grill A. Friction control of diamond-like carbon coatings. Surf Coat Technol 94–95: 456–462 (1997)
[22]
Erdemir A, Eryilmaz O L, Nilufer I B, Fenske G R. Effect of source gas chemistry on tribological performance of diamond-like carbon films. Diam Relat Mater 9(3–6): 632–637 (2000)
[23]
Erdemir A, Eryilmaz O L, Nilufer I B, Fenske G R. Synthesis of superlow-friction carbon films from highly hydrogenated methane plasmas. Surf Coat Technol 133–134: 448–454 (2000)
[24]
Chen X C, Li J J. Superlubricity of carbon nanostructures. Carbon 158: 1–23 (2020)
[25]
Yu Q Y, Chen X C, Zhang C H, Luo J B. Influence factors on mechanisms of superlubricity in DLC films: A review. Front Mech Eng 6: 65 (2020)
[26]
Baykara M Z, Vazirisereshk M R, Martini A. Emerging superlubricity: A review of the state of the art and perspectives on future research. Appl Phys Rev 5(4): 041102 (2018)
[27]
Erdemir A, Eryilmaz O. Achieving superlubricity in DLC films by controlling bulk, surface, and tribochemistry. Friction 2(2): 140–155 (2014)
[28]
Erdemir A, Eryilmaz O L. 16-Superlubricity in diamondlike carbon films. In Superlubricity. Erdemir A, Martin J, Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science B.V., 2007: 253–271
[29]
Fontaine J, Le Mogne T, Loubet J L, Belin M. Achieving superlow friction with hydrogenated amorphous carbon: Some key requirements. Thin Solid Films 482(1–2): 99–108 (2005)
[30]
Liu S W, Zhang C H, Osman E, Chen X C, Ma T B, Hu Y Z, Luo J B, Ali E. Influence of tribofilm on superlubricity of highly-hydrogenated amorphous carbon films in inert gaseous environments. Sci China Technol Sci 59(12): 1795–1803 (2016)
[31]
Meng Y G, Xu J, Jin Z M, Prakash B, Hu Y Z. A review of recent advances in tribology. Friction 8(2): 221–300 (2020)
[32]
Cao Z Y, Zhao W W, Liang A M, Zhang J Y. A general engineering applicable superlubricity: Hydrogenated amorphous carbon film containing nano diamond particles. Adv Mater Interfaces 4(14): 1601224 (2017)
[33]
Sui X D, Wang X Y, Zhang S T, Yan M M, Li W S, Hao J Y, Liu W M. Nano-twisted double helix carbon debris improves the wear resistance of ultra-thick diamond-like carbon coatings. Adv Mater Interfaces 7(20): 2000857 (2020)
[34]
Erdemir A. Genesis of superlow friction and wear in diamondlike carbon films. Tribol Int 37(11–12): 1005–1012 (2004)
[35]
Donnet C. Recent progress on the tribology of doped diamond-like and carbon alloy coatings: A review. Surf Coat Technol 100–101: 180–186 (1998)
[36]
Vanhulsel A, Velasco F, Jacobs R, Eersels L, Havermans D, Roberts E W, Sherrington I, Anderson M J, Gaillard L. DLC solid lubricant coatings on ball bearings for space applications. Tribol Int 40(7): 1186–1194 (2007)
[37]
Donnet C, Fontaine J, Le Mogne T, Belin M, Héau C, Terrat J P, Vaux F, Pont G. Diamond-like carbon-based functionally gradient coatings for space tribology. Surf Coat Technol 120–121: 548–554 (1999)
[38]
Vercammen K, Meneve J, Dekempeneer E, Smeets J, Roberts E W, Eiden M J. Study of RF PACVD diamond-like carbon coatings for space mechanism applications. Surf Coat Technol 120–121: 612–617 (1999)
[39]
Andersson J, Erck R A, Erdemir A. Frictional behavior of diamondlike carbon films in vacuum and under varying water vapor pressure. Surf Coat Technol 163–164: 535–540 (2003)
[40]
Moolsradoo N, Watanabe S. Modification of tribological performance of DLC films by means of some elements addition. Diam Relat Mater 19(5–6): 525–529 (2010)
[41]
Liu X F, Wang L P, Xue Q J. A novel carbon-based solid- liquid duplex lubricating coating with super-high tribological performance for space applications. Surf Coat Technol 205(8–9): 2738–2746 (2011)
[42]
Wang Y F, Wang J, Zhang G G, Wang L P, Yan P X. Microstructure and tribology of TiC(Ag)/a-C: H nanocomposite coatings deposited by unbalanced magnetron sputtering. Surf Coat Technol 206(14): 3299–3308 (2012)
[43]
Fontaine J, Donnet C, Grill A, LeMogne T. Tribochemistry between hydrogen and diamond-like carbon films. Surf Coat Technol 146–147: 286–291 (2001)
[44]
Chen X C, Kato T, Nosaka M. Origin of superlubricity in a-C:H:Si films: A relation to film bonding structure and environmental molecular characteristic. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(16): 13389–13405 (2014)
[45]
Zhang S L, Wagner G, Medyanik S N, Liu W K, Yu Y H, Chung Y W. Experimental and molecular dynamics simulation studies of friction behavior of hydrogenated carbon films. Surf Coat Technol 177–178: 818–823 (2004)
[46]
Cui L C, Zhou H, Zhang K F, Lu Z B, Wang X R. Bias voltage dependence of superlubricity lifetime of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films in high vacuum. Tribol Int 117: 107–111 (2018)
[47]
Liu Y, Erdemir A, Meletis E I. An investigation of the relationship between graphitization and frictional behavior of DLC coatings. Surf Coat Technol 86–87: 564–568 (1996)
[48]
Chen X C, Zhang C H, Kato T, Yang X A, Wu S D, Wang R, Nosaka M, Luo J B. Evolution of tribo-induced interfacial nanostructures governing superlubricity in a-C:H and a-C:H:Si films. Nat Commun 8(1): 1675 (2017)
[49]
Liu Y, Meletis E I. Evidence of graphitization of diamond- like carbon films during sliding wear. J Mater Sci 32(13): 3491–3495 (1997)
[50]
Scharf T W, Singer I L. Quantification of the thickness of carbon transfer films using Raman tribometry. Tribol Lett 14(2): 137–145 (2003)
[51]
Sánchez-López J C, Erdemir A, Donnet C, Rojas T C. Friction-induced structural transformations of diamondlike carbon coatings under various atmospheres. Surf Coat Technol 163–164: 444–450 (2003)
[52]
Tambe N S, Bhushan B. Nanoscale friction-induced phase transformation of diamond-like carbon. Scripta Mater 52(8): 751–755 (2005)
[53]
Ma T B, Wang L F, Hu Y Z, Li X, Wang H. A shear localization mechanism for lubricity of amorphous carbon materials. Sci Rep 4: 3662 (2014)
[54]
Ma T B, Hu Y Z, Wang H. Molecular dynamics simulation of shear-induced graphitization of amorphous carbon films. Carbon 47(8): 1953–1957 (2009)
[55]
Wang Y, Xu J X, Zhang J, Chen Q, Ootani Y, Higuchi Y, Ozawa N, Martin J M, Adachi K, Kubo M. Tribochemical reactions and graphitization of diamond-like carbon against alumina give volcano-type temperature dependence of friction coefficients: A tight-binding quantum chemical molecular dynamics simulation. Carbon 133: 350–357 (2018)
[56]
Wang K, Zhang J, Ma T B, Liu Y M, Song A S, Chen X C, Hu Y Z, Carpick R W, Luo J B. Unraveling the friction evolution mechanism of diamond-like carbon film during nanoscale running-in process toward superlubricity. Small 17(1): 2005607 (2021)
[57]
Huai W J, Zhang C H, Wen S Z. Graphite-based solid lubricant for high-temperature lubrication. Friction 9(6): 1660–1672 (2021)
[58]
Hu Z L, Fan X, Chen C. Multiscale frictional behaviors of sp2 nanocrystallited carbon films with different ion irradiation densities. Friction 9(5): 1025–1037 (2021)
[59]
Tian H L, Wang C L, Guo M Q, Cui Y J, Gao J G, Tang Z H. Microstructures and high-temperature self-lubricating wear-resistance mechanisms of graphene-modified WC–12Co coatings. Friction 9(2): 315–331 (2021)
[60]
Weiler M, Sattel S, Giessen T, Jung K, Ehrhardt H, Veerasamy V S, Robertson J. Preparation and properties of highly tetrahedral hydrogenated amorphous carbon. Phys Rev B Condens Matter 53(3): 1594–1608 (1996)
[61]
Chen X C, Kato T, Kawaguchi M, Nosaka M, Choi J. Structural and environmental dependence of superlow friction in ion vapour-deposited a-C:H:Si films for solid lubrication application. J Phys D: Appl Phys 46(25): 255304 (2013)
[62]
Chen X C, Kato T. Growth mechanism and composition of ultrasmooth a-C:H:Si films grown from energetic ions for superlubricity. J Appl Phys 115(4): 044908 (2014)
[63]
Weissmantel C, Reisse G, Erler H J, Henny F, Bewilogua K, Ebersbach U, Schürer C. Preparation of hard coatings by ion beam methods. Thin Solid Films 63(2): 315–325 (1979)
[64]
Aggleton M, Burton J C, Taborek P. Cryogenic vacuum tribology of diamond and diamond-like carbon films. J Appl Phys 106(1): 013504 (2009)
[65]
Miyoshi K. Lubrication by diamond and diamondlike carbon coatings. J Tribol 120(2): 379–384 (1998)
[66]
Lopez-Santos C, Colaux J L, Gonzalez J C, Lucas S. Investigation of the growth mechanisms of a-CHx coatings deposited by pulsed reactive magnetron sputtering. J Phys Chem C 116(22): 12017–12026 (2012)
[67]
Vázquez L, Buijnsters J G. Chemical and physical sputtering effects on the surface morphology of carbon films grown by plasma chemical vapor deposition. J Appl Phys 106(3): 033504 (2009)
[68]
Moseler M, Gumbsch P, Casiraghi C, Ferrari AC, Robertson J. The ultrasmoothness of diamond-like carbon surfaces. Science 309(5740): 1545–1548 (2005)
[69]
Wang J, Zhang K, Zhang L, Wang F, Zhang J, Zheng W. Influence of structure evolution on tribological properties of fluorine-containing diamond-like carbon films: From fullerene-like to amorphous structures. Appl Surf Sci 457: 388–395 (2018)
[70]
Wang Q, Wang C B, Wang Z, Zhang J Y, He D Y. Fullerene nanostructure-induced excellent mechanical properties in hydrogenated amorphous carbon. Appl Phys Lett 91(14): 141902 (2007)
[71]
Wang C B, Yang S R, Wang Q, Wang Z, Zhang J Y. Super-low friction and super-elastic hydrogenated carbon films originated from a unique fullerene-like nanostructure. Nanotechnology 19(22): 225709 (2008)
[72]
Ma T B, Hu Y Z, Wang H, Li X. Microstructural and stress properties of ultrathin diamondlike carbon films during growth: Molecular dynamics simulations. Phys Rev B 75(3): 035425 (2007)
[73]
Haerle R, Riedo E, Pasquarello A, Baldereschi A. sp2/sp3 hybridization ratio in amorphous carbon from C 1s core-level shifts: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and first-principles calculation. Phys Rev B 65(4): 045101 (2001)
[74]
Paik N. Raman and XPS studies of DLC films prepared by a magnetron sputter-type negative ion source. Surf Coat Technol 200(7): 2170–2174 (2005)
[75]
Dey R M, Pandey M, Bhattacharyya D, Patil D S, Kulkarni S K. Diamond like carbon coatings deposited by microwave plasma CVD: XPS and ellipsometric studies. Bull Mater Sci 30(6): 541–546 (2007)
[76]
Ferro S, Dal Colle M, De Battisti A. Chemical surface characterization of electrochemically and thermally oxidized boron-doped diamond film electrodes. Carbon 43(6): 1191–1203 (2005)
[77]
Casiraghi C, Ferrari A C, Robertson J. Raman spectroscopy of hydrogenated amorphous carbons. Phys Rev B 72(8): 085401 (2005)
[78]
Cheng G X, Guo S L, He Y L, Wang Z C. Raman spectroscopy on hydrogenated amorphous carbon. Vacuum 42(16): 1084 (1991)
[79]
Johnson J A, Woodford J B, Chen X D, Andersson J, Erdemir A, Fenske G R. Insights into “near-frictionless carbon films”. J Appl Phys 95(12): 7765–7771 (2004)
[80]
Arenal R, Liu A C Y. Clustering of aromatic rings in near- frictionless hydrogenated amorphous carbon films probed using multiwavelength Raman spectroscopy. Appl Phys Lett 91(21): 211903 (2007)
[81]
Wang C B, Yang S R, Li H X, Zhang J Y. Elastic properties of a-C:N:H films. J Appl Phys 101(1): 013501 (2007)
[82]
Piazza F, Schulze S, Relihan G, Golanski A. Transpolyacetylene chains in DECR plasma deposited a-C:H films. Diam Relat Mater 12(3–7): 942–945 (2003)
[83]
Sadezky A, Muckenhuber H, Grothe H, Niessner R, Pöschl U. Raman microspectroscopy of soot and related carbonaceous materials: Spectral analysis and structural information. Carbon 43(8): 1731–1742 (2005)
[84]
Dippel B, Heintzenberg J. Soot characterization in atmospheric particles from different sources by NIR FT Raman spectroscopy. J Aerosol Sci 30: S907–S908 (1999)
[85]
Dippel B, Jander H, Heintzenberg J. NIR FT Raman spectroscopic study of flame soot. Phys Chem Chem Phys 1(20): 4707–4712 (1999)
[86]
Cuesta A, Dhamelincourt P, Laureyns J, Martínez-Alonso A, Tascón J M D. Raman microprobe studies on carbon materials. Carbon 32(8): 1523–1532 (1994)
[87]
Jawhari T, Roid A, Casado J. Raman spectroscopic characterization of some commercially available carbon black materials. Carbon 33(11): 1561–1565 (1995)
[88]
Musto P, Borriello A, Agoretti P, Napolitano T, Florio G D, Mensitieri G. Selective surface modification of syndiotactic polystyrene films: A study by Fourier transform- and confocal-Raman spectroscopy. Eur Polym J 46(5): 1004–1015 (2010)
[89]
Jones C H, Wesley I J. A preliminary study of the Fourier transform Raman spectra of polystyrenes. Spectrochimica Acta A: Mol Spectrosc 47(9–10): 1293–1298 (1991)
[90]
Signer R, Weiler J. Raman-Spektrum und Konstitution hochmolekularer Stoffe. 62. Mitteilung über hochpolymere Verbindungen. Helvetica Chimica Acta 15(1): 649–657 (1932)
[91]
Torres F J, Civalleri B, Meyer A, Musto P, Albunia A R, Rizzo P, Guerra G. Normal vibrational analysis of the syndiotactic polystyrene s(2/1)2 helix. J Phys Chem B 113(15): 5059–5071 (2009)
[92]
Tasumi M, Urano T, Nakata M. Some thoughts on the vibrational modes of toluene as a typical monosubstituted benzene. J Mol Struct 146: 383–396 (1986)
[93]
Leloup G, Holvoet P E, Bebelman S, Devaux J. Raman scattering determination of the depth of cure of light-activated composites: Influence of different clinically relevant parameters. J Oral Rehabilitation 29(6): 510–515 (2002)
[94]
Zhu W L, Arao K, Nakamura M, Takagawa Y, Miura K I, Kobata J, Marin E, Pezzotti G. Raman spectroscopic studies of stress-induced structure alteration in diamond-like carbon films. Diam Relat Mater 94: 1–7 (2019)
[95]
Leyland A, Matthews A. On the significance of the H/E ratio in wear control: A nanocomposite coating approach to optimised tribological behaviour. Wear 246(1–2): 1–11 (2000)
[96]
Hofsäss H, Feldermann H, Merk R, Sebastian M, Ronning C. Cylindrical spike model for the formation of diamondlike thin films by ion deposition. Appl Phys A 66(2): 153–181 (1998)
[97]
Robertson J. Diamond-like amorphous carbon. Mater Sci Eng: R: Rep 37(4–6): 129–281 (2002)
[98]
Uhlmann S, Frauenheim T, Lifshitz Y. Molecular-dynamics study of the fundamental processes involved in subplantation of diamondlike carbon. Phys Rev Lett 81(3): 641–644 (1998)
[99]
Koponen I, Hakovirta M, Lappalainen R. Modeling the ion energy dependence of the sp3/sp2 bonding ratio in amorphous diamondlike films produced with a mass-separated ion beam. J Appl Phys 78(9): 5837–5839 (1995)
[100]
Lifshitz Y, Lempert G D, Grossman E, Avigal I, Uzan- Saguy C, Kalish R, Kulik J, Marton D, Rabalais J W. Growth mechanisms of DLC films from C+ ions: Experimental studies. Diam Relat Mater 4(4): 318–323 (1995)
[101]
Robertson J. Mechanism of sp3 bond formation in the growth of diamond-like carbon. Diam Relat Mater 14(3–7): 942–948 (2005)
[102]
Lifshitz Y, Kasi S R, Rabalais J W. Subplantation model for film growth from hyperthermal species: Application to diamond. Phys Rev Lett 62(11): 1290–1293 (1989)
[103]
Donnet C. Erdemir A. Tribology of Diamond-like Carbon Films: Fundamentals and Applications. New York (USA): Springer, 2008.
[104]
Jacob W, Möller W. On the structure of thin hydrocarbon films. Appl Phys Lett 63(13): 1771–1773 (1993)
[105]
Romero P A, Pastewka L, Von Lautz J, Moseler M. Surface passivation and boundary lubrication of self-mated tetrahedral amorphous carbon asperities under extreme tribological conditions. Friction 2(2): 193–208 (2014)
[106]
Nevshupa R, Caro J, Arratibel A, Bonet R, Rusanov A, Ares J R, Roman E. Evolution of tribologically induced chemical and structural degradation in hydrogenated a-C coatings. Tribol Int 129: 177–190 (2019)
[107]
Wang Y, Yamada N, Xu J, Zhang J, Chen Q, Ootani Y, Higuchi Y, Ozawa N, Bouchet MB, Martin JM, et al. Triboemission of hydrocarbon molecules from diamond- like carbon friction interface induces atomic-scale wear. Sci Adv 5(11): eaax9301 (2019)
[108]
Schall J D, Gao G T, Harrison J A. Effects of adhesion and transfer film formation on the tribology of self-mated DLC contacts. J Phys Chem C 114(12): 5321–5330 (2010)
[109]
Zhao S J, Zhang Z H, Wu Z H, Liu K H, Zheng Q S, Ma M. The impacts of adhesion on the wear property of graphene. Adv Mater Interfaces 6(18): 1900721 (2019)
[110]
Erdemir A. The role of hydrogen in tribological properties of diamond-like carbon films. Surf Coat Technol 146–147: 292–297 (2001)
[111]
Pastewka L, Moser S, Moseler M, Blug B, Meier S, Hollstein T, Gumbsch P. The running-in of amorphous hydrocarbon tribocoatings: A comparison between experiment and molecular dynamics simulations. Int J Mater Res 99(10): 1136–1143 (2008)
[112]
Pastewka L, Moser S, Moseler M. Atomistic insights into the running-in, lubrication, and failure of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon coatings. Tribol Lett 39(1): 49–61 (2010)
[113]
Dag S, Ciraci S. Atomic scale study of superlow friction between hydrogenated diamond surfaces. Phys Rev B 70(24): 241401 (2004)
[114]
Eryilmaz O L, Erdemir A. On the hydrogen lubrication mechanism(s) of DLC films: An imaging TOF-SIMS study. Surf Coat Technol 203(5–7): 750–755 (2008)
[115]
Shi J, Wang Y F, Gong Z B, Zhang B, Wang C B, Zhang J Y. Nanocrystalline graphite formed at fullerene-like carbon film frictional interface. Adv Mater Interfaces 4(8): 1601113 (2017)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions
Publication history
Received: 09 July 2021
Revised: 17 August 2021
Accepted: 20 September 2021
Published:
04 January 2022
Issue date: December 2022
Copyright
© The author(s) 2021.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Dongzhou ZHAN for technological support during friction experiment. This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51925506, 51975314, 51935006, and 51527901).
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
FEEDBACK 
TOP