AI Chat Paper
Note: Please note that the following content is generated by AMiner AI. SciOpen does not take any responsibility related to this content.
{{lang === 'zh_CN' ? '文章概述' : 'Summary'}}
{{lang === 'en_US' ? '中' : 'Eng'}}
Chat more with AI
Powered by AMiner. Clicking this button will take you away from SciOpen.
Home Friction Article
PDF (5.5 MB)
Cite
EndNote(RIS) BibTeX
Collect
Submit Manuscript AI Chat Paper
Show Outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Outline
Show full outline
Hide outline
Research Article | Open Access

Load dependent microstructural evolution in an as-cast 26% Cr high chromium cast iron during unlubricated sliding

U. Pranav NAYAK1( ), Sebastian SUÁREZ1, Valentin PESNEL3, Frank MÜCKLICH1,2, María Agustina GUITAR1
Department of Materials Science, Saarland University, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
Materials Engineering Center Saarland, Saarbrücken 66123, Germany
Ecole Européenne d’ingénieurs en Génie des Matériaux, Université de Lorraine, Nancy 54000, France
Show Author Information

Graphical Abstract

Abstract

In the current study, an as-cast 26% Cr high chromium cast iron (HCCI) alloy was subjected to dry-sliding linear wear tests, under different loads. The loads were selected based on analytically computing the critical load (PC) i.e., the load necessary to induce plastic deformation. The PC was calculated to be 15 N and accordingly, a sub-critical load (5 N) and an over-critical load (20 N) were chosen. The influence of increasing the load during the wear test was investigated in terms of the matrix microstructural behaviour and its ability to support the surrounding carbides. The morphological aspects of the wear tracks, and the deformed matrix microstructure adjacent and underneath the track was analysed by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM), respectively. No evidence of plastic deformation of the matrix was observed below PC. On the contrary, at loads equal to and higher than PC, the austenitic matrix plastically deformed as evidenced by the presence of slip bands. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) measurements in terms of grain reference orientation deviation, and micro-Vickers hardness of the austenitic matrix indicated a deformation depth of about 40 µm at the maximum applied load of 20 N. The active wear mechanisms during sliding were a combination of both adhesive and abrasive wear, although increasing the load shifted the dominant mechanism towards abrasion. This was primarily attributable to the increased propensity for carbide cracking and fracturing, combined with the inability of the hardened austenitic matrix surface and sub-surface to adequately support the broken carbide fragments. Moreover, the shift in the dominant wear mechanism was also reflected in the wear volume and subsequently, the wear rate.

Keywords

wear resistanceplastic deformationhigh chromium cast ironunlubricated slidingcarbide spallationmatrix hardness

References

[1]
Tabrett C P, Sare I R, Ghomashchi M R. Microstructure-property relationships in high chromium white iron alloys. Int Mater Rev 41(2): 59–82 (1996)
Google Scholar
[2]
ASTM International. Standard Specification for Abrasion Resistance Cast Irons: ASTM Standard A 532/A 532M-93a. West Conshohocken, PA, USA, 2003
[3]
Xu H, Xu Y, He Y, et al. Two-stage warm cross rolling and its effect on the microstructure, texture and magnetic properties of an Fe-6.5 wt% Si non-oriented electrical steel. J Mater Sci 55(26): 12525–12543 (2020)
Google Scholar
[4]
Maratray F. Choice of appropriate compositions for chromium-molybdenum white irons. AFS Trans 79: 121–124 (1971)
Google Scholar
[5]
Llewellyn R J, Yick S K, Dolman K F. Scouring erosion resistance of metallic materials used in slurry pump service. Wear 256(6): 592–599 (2004)
Google Scholar
[6]
Karantzalis E, Lekatou A, Mavros H. Microstructure and properties of high chromium cast irons: Effect of heat treatments and alloying additions. Int J Cast Met Res 22(6): 448–456 (2009)
Google Scholar
[7]
Wiengmoon A, Pearce J T H, Chairuangsri T. Relationship between microstructure, hardness and corrosion resistance in 20 wt%Cr, 27 wt%Cr, and 36 wt%Cr high chromium cast irons. Mater Chem Phys 125(3): 739–748 (2011)
Google Scholar
[8]
Rivlin V G. 14: Critical review of constitution of carbon– chromium–iron and carbon–iron–manganese systems. Int Met Rev 29(1): 299–327 (1984)
Google Scholar
[9]
Maratray F, Usseglio-Nanot R. Factors affecting the structure of chromium and chromium-molybdenum white irons. Climax Molybdenum SA, 1971: 1–32
Google Scholar
[10]
Pearce J T H. Structure and wear performance of abrasion resistance chromium white cast irons. Trans Am Foundrymen’s Soc 92: 599–622 (1984)
Google Scholar
[11]
Wiengmoon A. Carbides in high chromium cast irons. Naresuan Univ Eng J 6(1): 64–70 (2011)
Google Scholar
[12]
Dogˇan Ö N, Hawk J A. Effect of carbide orientation on abrasion of high Cr white cast iron. Wear 189(1–2): 136–142 (1995)
Google Scholar
[13]
Fulcher J K, Kosel T H, Fiore N F. The effect of carbide volume fraction on the low stress abrasion resistance of high Cr–Mo white cast irons. Wear 84(3): 313–25 (1983)
Google Scholar
[14]
Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Correa R, Mejía I, Quezada J G, Rainforth W M. The effect of titanium on the wear behaviour of a 16%Cr white cast iron under pure sliding. Wear 263(1–6): 808–820 (2007)
Google Scholar
[15]
Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Guerra F V., Mejía I, Zuno-Silva J, Rainforth M. Abrasive wear of V–Nb–Ti alloyed high-chromium white irons. Wear 332–333: 1006–1011 (2015)
Google Scholar
[16]
Correa R, Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Zuno-Silva J, Cardoso E, Mejía I. Effect of boron on the sliding wear of directionally solidified high-chromium white irons. Wear 267(1–4): 495–504 (2009)
Google Scholar
[17]
Cortés-Carrillo E, Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Mejía I, Zepeda C M, Zuno-Silva J, Guerra-Lopez F V. Effects of tungsten on the microstructure and on the abrasive wear behavior of a high-chromium white iron. Wear 376–377: 77–85 (2017)
Google Scholar
[18]
Archard J F. Contact and rubbing of flat surfaces. J Appl Phys 24(8): 981–988 (1953)
Google Scholar
[19]
Zum Gahr K H, Doane D V. Optimizing fracture toughness and abrasion resistance in white cast irons. Metall Trans A 11(4): 613–620 (1980)
Google Scholar
[20]
Asensio J, Pero-Sanz J A, Verdeja J I. Microstructure selection criteria for cast irons with more than 10 wt% chromium for wear applications. Mater Charact 49(2): 83–93 (2002)
Google Scholar
[21]
Laird G, Gundlach R, Rohrig K. Abrasion-resistant Cast Iron Handbook. Schaumburg (USA): American Foundry Society, 2000.
[22]
Avery H S. The measurement of wear resistance. Wear 4(6): 427–449 (1961)
Crossref Google Scholar
[23]
Dogˇan Ö N, Hawk J A, Laird G. Solidification structure and abrasion resistance of high chromium white irons. Metall Mater Trans A Phys Metall Mater Sci 28(6): 1315–1328 (1997)
Crossref Google Scholar
[24]
Turenne S, Lavallée F, Masounave J. Matrix microstructure effect on the abrasion wear resistance of high-chromium white cast iron. J Mater Sci 24(8): 3021–3028 (1989)
Crossref Google Scholar
[25]
Gundlach R B, Parks J L. Influence of abrasive hardness on the wear resistance of high chromium irons. Wear 46(1): 97–108 (1978)
Crossref Google Scholar
[26]
Zum Gahr K H, Eldis G T. Abrasive wear of white cast irons. Wear 64(1): 175–194 (1980)
Crossref Google Scholar
[27]
Hutchings I M. Tribology: Friction and Wear of Engineering Materials. Oxford (UK): Butterworth-Heinemann, 1992.
Crossref
[28]
Porter D A, Easterling K E, Sherif M Y. Phase Transformations in Metals and Alloys. Boca Raton (USA): CRC Press, 2009.
Crossref
[29]
Tabrett C P, Sare I R. Effect of high temperature and sub-ambient treatments on the matrix structure and abrasion resistance of a high-chromium white iron. Scr Mater 38(12): 1747–1753 (1998)
Crossref Google Scholar
[30]
Higuera-cobos O F, Dumitru F-D, Mesa-Grajales D H. Improvement of abrasive wear resistance of the high chromium cast iron ASTM A-532 through thermal treatment cycles. Rev Fac Ing 25(41): 93–103 (2015)
Crossref Google Scholar
[31]
Guitar M A, Suárez S, Prat O, Duarte Guigou M, Gari V, Pereira G, et al. High chromium cast irons: Destabilized-subcritical secondary carbide precipitation and its effect on hardness and wear properties. J Mater Eng Perform 27(8): 3877–3885 (2018)
Google Scholar
[32]
Inthidech S, Kosasu P, Yotee S, Matsubara Y. Effect of repeated tempering on abrasive wear behavior of hypoeutectic 16 mass% Cr cast iron with molybdenum. Mater Trans 54(1): 28–35 (2013)
Google Scholar
[33]
Abdel-Aziz K, El-Shennawy M, Omar A A. Microstructural characteristics and mechanical properties of heat treated high-cr white cast iron alloys. Int J Appl Eng Res 12(14): 4675–4686 (2017)
Google Scholar
[34]
Watson J D, Mutton P J, Sare I R. Abrasive wear of white cast irons. Met forum 3(1): 74–88 (1980)
Google Scholar
[35]
Scandian C, Boher C, de Mello J D B, Rézaï-Aria F. Effect of molybdenum and chromium contents in sliding wear of high-chromium white cast iron: The relationship between microstructure and wear. Wear 267(1–4): 401–408 (2009)
Google Scholar
[36]
Pintaude G, Bernardes F G, Santos M M, Sinatora A, Albertin E. Mild and severe wear of steels and cast irons in sliding abrasion. Wear 267(1–4): 19–25 (2009)
Google Scholar
[37]
Bedolla-Jacuinde A, Rainforth W M. Electron microscopy analysis on the worn surface of a high-chromium white iron during dry sliding contact. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 843: 299–304 (2005)
Google Scholar
[38]
Pokusová M, Berta I, Šooš Ľ. Abrasion resistance of as-cast high-chromium cast iron. Sci Proc 22(1): 74–79 (2014)
Google Scholar
[39]
Nayak U P, Guitar M A, Mücklich F. A comparative study on the influence of chromium on the phase fraction and elemental distribution in as-cast high chromium cast irons: Simulation vs. experimentation. Metals (Basel) 10(1): 30 (2020)
Google Scholar
[40]
Nayak U P, Guitar M A, Mücklich F. Evaluation of etching process parameter optimization in the objective specific microstructural characterization of as-cast and heat treated HCCI alloy. Prakt Metallogr 57(10): 688–713 (2020)
Google Scholar
[41]
Laird G, Powell G L F. Solidification and solid-state transformation mechanisms in Si alloyed high-chromium white cast irons. Metall Trans A 24(4): 981–988 (1993)
Google Scholar
[42]
Carpenter S D, Carpenter D, Pearce J T H. XRD and electron microscope study of an as-cast 26.6% chromium white iron microstructure. Mater Chem Phys 85(1): 32–40 (2004)
Google Scholar
[43]
Greenwood J A, Williamson J B P. Contact of nominally flat surfaces. Proc R Soc London A 295(1442): 300–319 (1966)
Google Scholar
[44]
Jackson R L, Green I. A finite element study of elasto-plastic hemispherical contact against a rigid flat. J Tribol 127(2): 343–354 (2005)
Google Scholar
[45]
Tabor D. The Hardness of Metals. Oxford (UK): Claredon Press, 1951.
[46]
Kugel Pompel. Datenblatt Data sheet, https://www.kugelpompel. at/de/Prazisionskugeln/kugeln/aluminiumoxydkeramikkugel-3000-mm-g28, 2020.
[47]
Auerkari P. Mechanical and physical properties of engineering alumina ceramics. Technical Research Centre of Finland, Espoo, Finland, 1996: 26.
[48]
ASM International. ASM Handbook: Properties and Aelection: Irons, Steels, and High Performance Alloys. Novelty (USA): ASM International, 2001.
[49]
Rabinowicz E, Dunn L A, Russell P G. A study of abrasive wear under three-body conditions. Wear 4(5): 345–355 (1961)
Google Scholar
[50]
Atabaki M M, Jafari S, Abdollah-pour H. Abrasive wear behavior of high chromium cast iron and hadfield steel—A comparison. J Iron Steel Res Int 19(4): 43–50 (2012)
Google Scholar
[51]
Penagos J J, Pereira J I, Machado P C, Albertin E, Sinatora A. Synergetic effect of niobium and molybdenum on abrasion resistance of high chromium cast irons. Wear 376–377: 983–992 (2017)
Google Scholar
[52]
Hurricks P L. Some Metallurgical Factors Controlling the adhesive and abrasive wear resistance of steels: A review. Wear 26: 285–301 (1973)
Google Scholar
[53]
Schwartz A J, Kumar M, Adams B L, Field D P. Electron Backscatter Diffraction in Materials Science. Boston (USA): Springer US, 2009.
[54]
Reza Abbaschian, Abbaschian L, Reed-Hill R E. Physical Metallurgy Principles. Stamford (USA): Cengage Learning, 2008.
[55]
Hull D, Bacon D J. Introduction to Dislocations. Oxford (UK): Elsevier Ltd., 2011.
[56]
Di Gioacchino F, Quinta Da Fonseca J. An experimental study of the polycrystalline plasticity of austenitic stainless steel. Int J Plast 74: 92–109 (2015)
Google Scholar
[57]
Menezes P L, Ingole S P, Nosonovsky M, Kailas S V., Lovell M R. Tribology for Scientists and Engineers: From Basics to Advanced Concepts. New York (USA): Springer-Verlag New York, 2013.
[58]
Ghabchi A. Wear resistant carbide-based thermal sprayed coatings: Process, properties, mechanical degradation and wear. Ph.D. Thesis. New York (USA): Stony Brook University, 2011.
[59]
Chen L, Persson J, Ståhl J E, Zhou J M. Nano-scratching resistance of high-chromium white cast iron and its correlation with wear of cBN tool in machining. J Superhard Mater 39(5): 365–372 (2017)
Google Scholar
[60]
Kazemipour M, Shokrollahi H, Sharafi S. The influence of the matrix microstructure on abrasive wear resistance of heat-treated Fe–32Cr–4.5C wt% hardfacing alloy. Tribol Lett 39(2): 181–192 (2010)
Google Scholar
[61]
Sullivan J L, Quinn T F J, Rowson D M. Developments in the oxidational theory of mild wear. Tribol Int 13(4): 153–158 (1980)
Crossref Google Scholar
[62]
So H, Yu D S, Chuang C Y. Formation and wear mechanism of tribo-oxides and the regime of oxidational wear of steel. Wear 253(9–10): 1004–1015 (2002)
Crossref Google Scholar
[63]
Ashby M F, Abulawi J, Kong H S. Temperature maps for frictional heating in dry sliding. Tribol Trans 34(4): 577–582 (1991)
Crossref Google Scholar
[64]
Lingard S. Estimation of flash temperatures in dry sliding. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C J Mech Eng Sci 198(2): 91–97 (1984)
Crossref Google Scholar
[65]
Grützmacher P G, Rammacher S, Rathmann D, Motz C, Mücklich F, Suarez S. Interplay between microstructural evolution and tribo-chemistry during dry sliding of metals. Friction 7(6): 637–650 (2019)
Crossref Google Scholar
[66]
Levitas V I, Idesman A V, Olson G B. Continuum modeling of strain-induced martensitic transformation at shear-band intersections. Acta Mater 47(1): 219–233 (1998)
Crossref Google Scholar
[67]
Rigney D A. Transfer, mixing and associated chemical and mechanical processes during the sliding of ductile materials. Wear 245(1–2): 1–9 (2000)
Crossref Google Scholar
[68]
Talonen J, Hänninen H. Formation of shear bands and strain-induced martensite during plastic deformation of metastable austenitic stainless steels. Acta Mater 55(18): 6108–618 (2007)
Crossref Google Scholar
[69]
Mao B, Chu S, Wang S. Effect of grain size on the friction-induced martensitic transformation and tribological properties of 304 austenite stainless steel. Metals (Basel) 10(9): 1–14 (2020)
Crossref Google Scholar
[70]
Gottstein G. Physical Foundations of Materials Science. Berlin (Germany): Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2004.
Crossref
[71]
Blau P J. Interpretations of the friction and wear break-in behavior of metals in sliding contact. Wear 71(1): 29–43 (1981)
Crossref Google Scholar
[72]
Blau P J. On the nature of running-in. Tribol Int 38(11–12): 1007–1012 (2005)
Crossref Google Scholar
Friction
Volume 10 Issue 8,
August 2022
Pages 1258-1275
DOI: 10.1007/s40544-021-0553-x
Cite this article:
NAYAK UP, SUÁREZ S, PESNEL V, et al. Load dependent microstructural evolution in an as-cast 26% Cr high chromium cast iron during unlubricated sliding. Friction, 2022, 10(8): 1258-1275. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-021-0553-x

726

Views

25

Downloads

9

Crossref

10

Web of Science

9

Scopus

0

CSCD

Altmetrics
Received: 12 April 2021
Revised: 07 June 2021
Accepted: 05 September 2021
Published: 07 December 2021
© The author(s) 2021.

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
Return