Journal Home > Volume 10 , Issue 5
Friction 2022, 10(5): 706-716 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0484-y
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 23 March 2021

Structure, tribological properties, and the growth mechanism of in-situ generated TiC in titanium cermet

Show Author's Information Xiaolei SUN1,  Yong LUO1,2,4,6( ),  Junyang WANG4,  Qingliang WANG4,  Jianghao QIAO4,  Andrew BEADLING5,  Michael BRYANT5,  Zhongmin JIN3
School of Chemical Engineering&Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Keywords:
growth mechanism, wear mechanism, titanium cermet
Cite this article:
SUN X, LUO Y, WANG J, et al. Structure, tribological properties, and the growth mechanism of in-situ generated TiC in titanium cermet. Friction, 2022, 10(5): 706-716. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0484-y
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

491

Views

24

Downloads

Citations

3

Crossref

4

WoS

3

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Titanium cermet combining metallic toughness with ceramic wear resistance has been proven to be a potential candidate for implanted joint material. In this work, titanium cermet was synthesized by means of the elevated temperature solid carburizing technology. The Ti13Nb13Zr alloy surface was found to be converted into TiC ceramic layer combined with a carbon strengthened diffusion zone underneath. The overall thickness of the carburized region grew to about 100 μm after 120 min carburization at 1,500 K. In order to clarify the growth behaviors of TiC ceramic layer, a growth mechanism is proposed. At the beginning of carburizing process, carbonaceous gas decomposed from carburizer due to high temperature and then converted to free atomic carbons through reduction reaction. Then, in-situ generated TiC ceramic layer possessing certain thickness formed on the surface, meanwhile, the inner carbon diffusion zone also grew inwards due to physical diffusion of carbon, and finally forming a gradient carbon distribution. In addition, the tribological behaviors of the new materials were evaluated through reciprocating ball-on-plate sliding wear tests in bovine calf serum. Although there was an increase in friction coefficient, the wear rate decreased by 59.6% due to the formation of the wear-resistant TiC ceramic layer. The wear mechanisms evolved from severe abrasive wear for bare Ti13Nb13Zr alloy to mild adhesive wear for titanium cermet.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Structure, tribological properties, and the growth mechanism of in-situ generated TiC in titanium cermet

Show Author's information Xiaolei SUN1, Yong LUO1,2,4,6( ), Junyang WANG4, Qingliang WANG4, Jianghao QIAO4, Andrew BEADLING5, Michael BRYANT5, Zhongmin JIN3
School of Chemical Engineering&Technology, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
State Key Laboratory of Solid Lubrication, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
School of Mechanical Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
School of Materials Science and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
School of Mechanical Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
State Key Laboratory of Tribology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China

Abstract

Titanium cermet combining metallic toughness with ceramic wear resistance has been proven to be a potential candidate for implanted joint material. In this work, titanium cermet was synthesized by means of the elevated temperature solid carburizing technology. The Ti13Nb13Zr alloy surface was found to be converted into TiC ceramic layer combined with a carbon strengthened diffusion zone underneath. The overall thickness of the carburized region grew to about 100 μm after 120 min carburization at 1,500 K. In order to clarify the growth behaviors of TiC ceramic layer, a growth mechanism is proposed. At the beginning of carburizing process, carbonaceous gas decomposed from carburizer due to high temperature and then converted to free atomic carbons through reduction reaction. Then, in-situ generated TiC ceramic layer possessing certain thickness formed on the surface, meanwhile, the inner carbon diffusion zone also grew inwards due to physical diffusion of carbon, and finally forming a gradient carbon distribution. In addition, the tribological behaviors of the new materials were evaluated through reciprocating ball-on-plate sliding wear tests in bovine calf serum. Although there was an increase in friction coefficient, the wear rate decreased by 59.6% due to the formation of the wear-resistant TiC ceramic layer. The wear mechanisms evolved from severe abrasive wear for bare Ti13Nb13Zr alloy to mild adhesive wear for titanium cermet.

Keywords: growth mechanism, wear mechanism, titanium cermet

References(40)

[1]
Zhan C, Kaczmarek R, Loyo-Berrios N, Sangl J, Bright R A. Incidence and short-term outcomes of primary and revision hip replacement in the United States. J Bone Jt Surg Am Vol 89: 526-533 (2007)
DOI Google Scholar
[2]
Prendki V, Zeller V, Passeron D, Desplaces N, Mamoudy P, Stirnemann J, Marmor S, Ziza J M. Outcome of patients over 80 years of age on prolonged suppressive antibiotic therapy for at least 6 months for prosthetic joint infection. Int J Infect Dis 29: 184-189 (2014)
DOI Google Scholar
[3]
López G D. Biodeterioration and corrosion of metallic implants and prostheses. Medicina 53: 260-274 (1993)
Google Scholar
[4]
Maya S, Prakash T, Madhu K D, Goli D. Multifaceted effects of aluminium in neurodegenerative diseases: A review. Biomed Pharmacother 83: 746-754 (2016)
DOI Google Scholar
[5]
Geetha M, Singh A K, Asokamani R, Gogia A K. Ti based biomaterials, the ultimate choice for orthopaedic implants - A review. Prog Mater Sci 54: 397-425 (2009)
DOI Google Scholar
[6]
Tekin K C, Malayoglu U, Shrestha S. Tribological behaviour of plasma electrolytic oxide coatings on Ti6Al4V and cp-Ti alloys. Surf Eng 32: 435-442 (2016)
DOI Google Scholar
[7]
Ossowska A, Beutner R, Scharnweber D, Zielinski A. Properties of composite oxide layers on the Ti13Nb13Zr alloy. Surf Eng 33: 841-848 (2017)
DOI Google Scholar
[8]
Khan M S, Li Z, Yang K, Xu D K, Yang C, Liu D, Lekbach Y, Zhou E Z, Kalnaowakul P. Microbiologically influenced corrosion of titanium caused by aerobic marine bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa. J Mater Sci Technol 35: 216-222 (2019)
DOI Google Scholar
[9]
Luo Y. Ge S. Jin Z. Fisher J. Formation of titanium carbide coating with micro-porous structure. Appl Phys A: Mater Sci Process 98: 765-768 (2009)
DOI Google Scholar
[10]
Luo Y, Ge S, Liu H, Jin Z. Microstructure analysis and wear behavior of titanium cermet femoral head with hard TiC layer. J Biomech 42: 2708-2711 (2009)
DOI Google Scholar
[11]
Luo Y, Jiang H, Cheng G, Liu H. Effect of carburization on the mechanical properties of biomedical grade titanium alloys. Journal of Bionic Engineering 8: 86-89 (2011)
DOI Google Scholar
[12]
Luo Y, Ge S, Jin Z. Wettability modification for biosurface of titanium alloy by means of sequential carburization. J Bionic Eng 6: 219-223 (2009)
DOI Google Scholar
[13]
Hanawa T. Metal ion release from metal implants. Mater Sci Eng C 24: 745-752 (2004)
DOI Google Scholar
[14]
Li J, Zhao Y. Biocompatibility and antibacterial performance of titanium by surface treatment. J Coat Technol Res 9: 223-228 (2009)
DOI Google Scholar
[15]
Mohan L, Anandan C. Wear and corrosion behavior of oxygen implanted biomedical titanium alloy Ti-13Nb-13Zr. Appl Surf Sci 282: 281-290 (2013)
DOI Google Scholar
[16]
Pérez D A G, Jorge Junior A M, Asato G H, Lepretre J, Roche V, Bolfarini C, Botta W J. Surface anodization of the biphasic Ti13Nb13Zr biocompatible alloy: Influence of phases on the formation of TiO2 nanostructures. J Alloys Compd 796: 93-102 (2019)
DOI Google Scholar
[17]
Yang C C, Ding S J, Lin T H, Yan M. Mechanical and optical properties evaluation of rapid sintered dental zirconia. Ceram Int 46: 26668-26674 (2020)
DOI Google Scholar
[18]
Durov A V, Naidich Y V, Kostyuk B D. Investigation of interaction of metal melts and zirconia. J Mater Sci 40: 2173-2178 (2005)
DOI Google Scholar
[19]
Mattei L, Puccio F D, Piccigallo B, Ciulli E. Lubrication and wear modelling of artificial hip joints: A review. Tribol Int 44: 532-549 (2011)
DOI Google Scholar
[20]
Mavraki A, Cann P M. Lubricating film thickness measurements with bovine serum. Tribol Int 44: 550-556 (2011).
DOI Google Scholar
[21]
Zhao Z, Hui P, Wang T, Wang X, Xu Y, Zhong L, Zhao M. New strategy to grow TiC coatings on titanium alloy: Contact solid carburization by cast iron. J Alloys Compd 745: 637-643 (2018)
DOI Google Scholar
[22]
Lu W J, Zhang D, Zhang X N, Wu R J, Sakata T, Mori H. Microstructural characterization of TiB in in situ synthesized titanium matrix composites prepared by common casting technique. J Alloys Compd 327: 240-247 (2001)
DOI Google Scholar
[23]
Redmore E, Li X, Dong H. Tribological performance of surface engineered low-cost beta titanium alloy. Wear 426-427: 952-960 (2019)
DOI Google Scholar
[24]
Duan H, Han Y, LÜ W, Mao J, Wang L, Zhang D. Effect of solid carburization on surface microstructure and hardness of Ti-6Al-4V alloy and (TiB+La2O3)/Ti-6Al-4V composite. Trans Nonferrous Met Soc China 26: 1871-1877 (2016)
DOI Google Scholar
[25]
Coelho P G, Jimbo R, Tovar N, Bonfante E A. Osseointegration: Hierarchical designing encompassing the macrometer, micrometer, and nanometer length scales. Dental Materials Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials 31: 37-52 (2015)
DOI Google Scholar
[26]
Nadezhdin S V, Zubareva E V, Burda Y E, Kolobov Y R, Ivanov M B, Khramov G V, Afanas’Ev A Y. Influence of Implants Surface Properties on Bone Tissue Formation in the Ectopic Osteogenesis Test. Bull Exp Biol Med 162: 812-814 (2017)
DOI Google Scholar
[27]
Wang K, Xiong D. Construction of lubricant composite coating on Ti6Al4V alloy using micro-arc oxidation and grafting hydrophilic polymer. Mater Sci Eng C Mater Biol Appl 90: 219-226 (2018)
DOI Google Scholar
[28]
Vajpai S K, Sharma B, Ota M, Ameyama K. Effect of cold rolling and heat-treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of β-titanium Ti-25Nb-25Zr alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 736: 323-328 (2018)
DOI Google Scholar
[29]
Chen Y, Yang C, Fan C, Zhuo Y, Lin S, Chen C. Microstructure evolution mechanism and mechanical properties of TC11-TC17 dual alloy after annealing treatment. J Alloys Comp 842: 155874 (2020)
DOI Google Scholar
[30]
Cheng K, Pagan N, Bijukumar D, Mathew M T, McNallan M. Carburized titanium as a solid lubricant on hip implants: Corrosion, tribocorrosion and biocompatibility aspects. Thin Solid Films 665: 148-158 (2018)
DOI Google Scholar
[31]
Essa F A, Zhang Q, Huang X, Ibrahim A M M, Ali M K A, Sharshir S W. Enhancing the tribological and mechanical properties of M50 steel using solid lubricants- A detailed review. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part J 232: 619-642 (2017)
DOI Google Scholar
[32]
Guo L, Qin L, Kong F, Yi H, Tang B. Improving tribological properties of Ti-5Zr-3Sn-5Mo-15Nb alloy by double glow plasma surface alloying. Appl Surf Sci 388: 203-211 (2016)
DOI Google Scholar
[33]
Mehdi M, Farokhzadeh K, Edrisy A. Dry sliding wear behavior of superelastic Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al β-titanium alloy. Wear 350-351: 10-20 (2016)
DOI Google Scholar
[34]
Essa F A, Zhang Q, Huang X, Ali M K A, Elagouz A, Abdelkareem M A A. Effects of ZnO and MoS2 solid lubricants on mechanical and tribological properties of M50-steel-based composites at high temperatures: Experimental and simulation study. Tribol Lett 65: 97 (2017)
DOI Google Scholar
[35]
Essa F A, Zhang Q, Huang X. Investigation of the effects of mixtures of WS2 and ZnO solid lubricants on the sliding friction and wear of M50 steel against silicon nitride at elevated temperatures. Wear 374-375: 128-141 (2017)
DOI Google Scholar
[36]
Ye J, Xiong J, Guo Z, Yang T, Zhou L, Liu J, Li S, Li T. Preparation of self-lubricating Ti(C,N)-based cermets by solid carburization and wear behavior. Int J Refract Hard Met 67: 68-73 (2017)
DOI Google Scholar
[37]
Essa F A, Zhang Q, Huang X, Ibrahim A M M, Ali M K A, Abdelkareem M A A, Elagouz A. Improved friction and wear of M50 steel composites incorporated with ZnO as a solid lubricant with different concentrations under different loads. J Mater Eng Perform 26: 4855-4866 (2017)
DOI Google Scholar
[38]
Heuberger M P, Widmer M R, Zobeley E, Glockshuber R, Spencer N D. Protein-mediated boundary lubrication in arthroplasty. Biomaterials 26: 1165-1173 (2005)
DOI Google Scholar
[39]
Sawae Y, Yamamoto A, Murakami T. Influence of protein and lipid concentration of the test lubricant on the wear of ultra high molecular weight polyethylene. Tribol Int 41: 648-656 (2008)
DOI Google Scholar
[40]
Myant C, Underwood R, Fan J, Cann P M. Lubrication of metal-on-metal hip joints: the effect of protein content and load on film formation and wear. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 6: 30-40 (2012)
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 27 July 2020
Revised: 30 September 2020
Accepted: 30 December 2020
Published: 23 March 2021
Issue date: May 2022

Copyright

© The author(s) 2020.

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 51875563, 51575514, and 51911530200), and the Tribology Science Fund of State Key Laboratory of Tribology (No. SKLTKF19A03).

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Return