Robust low friction performance of graphene sheets embedded carbon films coated orthodontic stainless steel archwires

Zonglin PAN; Qinzhao ZHOU; Pengfei WANG; Dongfeng DIAO

doi:10.1007/s40544-020-0471-3

Friction 2022, 10(1): 142-158 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0471-3

Research Article |

Open Access | Issue | Published: 26 January 2021

Robust low friction performance of graphene sheets embedded carbon films coated orthodontic stainless steel archwires

Show Author's Information Hide Author's Information Zonglin PAN, Qinzhao ZHOU, Pengfei WANG(

), Dongfeng DIAO

Institute of Nanosurface Science and Engineering (INSE), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China

Keywords:

low friction, carbon film, graphene sheets, archwire, artificial saliva

Cite this article:

PAN Z, ZHOU Q, WANG P, et al. Robust low friction performance of graphene sheets embedded carbon films coated orthodontic stainless steel archwires. Friction, 2022, 10(1): 142-158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0471-3

Download citation

EndNote(RIS)

BibTeX

531

Views

Downloads

Citations

Crossref

WoS

Scopus

CSCD

Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Abstract

Reducing the friction force between the commercial archwire and bracket during the orthodontic treatment in general dental practice has attracted worldwide interest. An investigation on the friction and wear behaviors of the uncoated and carbon film coated stainless steel archwires running against stainless steel brackets was systematically conducted. The carbon films were prepared at substrate bias voltages from +5 to +50 V using an electron cyclotron resonance plasma sputtering system. With increasing substrate bias voltage, local microstructures of the carbon films evolved from amorphous carbon to graphene nanocrystallites. Both static and stable friction coefficients of the archwire-bracket contacts sliding in dry and wet (artificial saliva) conditions decreased with the deposition of carbon films on the archwires. Low friction coefficient of 0.12 was achieved in artificial saliva environment for the graphene sheets embedded carbon (GSEC) film coated archwire. Deterioration of the friction behavior of the GSEC film coated archwire occurred after immersion of the archwire in artificial saliva solution for different periods before friction test. However, moderate friction coefficient of less than 0.30 sustained after 30 days immersion periods. The low friction mechanism is clarified to be the formation of salivary adsorbed layer and graphene sheets containing tribofilm on the contact interfaces. The robust low friction and low wear performances of the GSEC film coated archwires make them good candidates for clinical orthodontic treatment applications.

Full text

Abstract

Full text

Outline

Electronic supplementary material

About this article

Robust low friction performance of graphene sheets embedded carbon films coated orthodontic stainless steel archwires

Show Author's information Hide Author's Information Zonglin PAN, Qinzhao ZHOU, Pengfei WANG(

), Dongfeng DIAO

Institute of Nanosurface Science and Engineering (INSE), Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro/Nano Optomechatronics Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China

Abstract

Keywords: low friction, carbon film, graphene sheets, archwire, artificial saliva

References(54)

[1]

Feu D, de Oliveira B H, de Oliveira Almeida M A, Kiyak H A, Miguel J A M. Oral health-related quality of life and orthodontic treatment seeking. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 138: 152-159 (2010)

DOI Google Scholar

[2]

Tang W, Tian J, Zheng Q, Yan L, Wang J, Li Z, Wang Z L. Implantable self-powered low-level laser cure system for mouse embryonic osteoblasts’ proliferation and differentiation. ACS Nano 9: 7867-7873 (2015)

DOI Google Scholar

[3]

Benson P E, Javidi H, DiBiase A T. What is the value of orthodontic treatment? British Dental Journal 218: 185-190 (2015)

DOI Google Scholar

[4]

Liu X, Peng L, Meng J, Zhu Z, Han B, Wang S. Protein- mediated anti-adhesion surface against oral bacteria. Nanoscale 10: 2711-2714 (2018)

DOI Google Scholar

[5]

Firdanigrum F, Rochadi K, Primasari A. Senior high school students references in choosing orthodontic treatment provider: a study in marelan subdistrict 2018. Britain International of Humanties and Social Sciences Journal 2: 264-270 (2020)

DOI Google Scholar

[6]

Kusy R P, Whitley J Q, Prewitt M J. Comparison of the frictional coefficients for selected archwire-bracket slot combinations in the dry and wet states. Angle Orthodontist 61: 293-302 (1991)

Google Scholar

[7]

Kusy R P, Whitley J Q. Resistance to sliding of orthodontic appliances in the dry and wet states: influence of archwire alloy, interbracket distance, and bracket engagement. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 52: 797-811 (2000)

DOI

[8]

Thorstenson G A, Kusy R P. Comparison of resistance to sliding between different self-ligating brackets with second- order angulation in the dry and saliva states. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 121: 472-482 (2002)

DOI Google Scholar

[9]

Seo Y J, Lim B S, Park Y G, Yang I H, Ahn S J, Kim T W, Baek S H. Effect of tooth displacement and vibration on frictional force and stick-slip phenomenon in conventional brackets: a preliminary in vitro mechanical analysis. European Journal of Orthodontics 37: 158-163 (2015)

DOI Google Scholar

[10]

Burrow S J. Friction and resistance to sliding in orthodontics: a critical review. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 135: 442-447 (2009)

DOI Google Scholar

[11]

Tageldin H, Cadenas de Llano Perula M, Thevissen P, Celis J P, Willems G. Resistance to sliding in orthodontics: a systematic review. Jacobs Journal of Dentistry and Research 3: 1-32 (2016)

DOI Google Scholar

[12]

Savoldi F, Papoutsi A, Dianiskova S, Dalessandri D, Bonetti S, Tsoi J K H, Matinlinna J P, Paganelli C. Resistance to sliding in orthodontics: misconception or method error? a systematic review and a proposal of a test protocol. Korean Journal of Orthodontics 48: 268-280 (2018)

DOI Google Scholar

[13]

Katz A, Redlich M, Rapoport L, Wagner H D, Tenne R. Self-lubricating coatings containing fullerene-like WS₂ nanoparticles for orthodontic wires and other possible medical applications. Tribology Letters 21: 135-139 (2006)

DOI Google Scholar

[14]

Akaike S, Kobayashi D, Aono Y, Hiratsuka M, Hirata A, Hayakawa T, Nakamura Y. Relationship between static friction and surface wettability of orthodontic brackets coated with diamond-like carbon (DLC), fluorine-or silicone-doped DLC coatings. Diamond and Related Materials 61: 109-114 (2016)

DOI Google Scholar

[15]

Wei S, Shao T, Ding P. Improvement of orthodontic friction by coating archwire with carbon nitride film. Applied Surface Science 257: 10333-10337 (2011)

DOI Google Scholar

[16]

Muguruma T, Iijima M, Brantley W A, Mizoguchi I. Effects of a diamond-like carbon coating on the frictional properties of orthodontic wires. Angle Orthodontist 81: 141-148 (2011)

DOI Google Scholar

[17]

Zhang H, Guo S, Wang D, Zhou T, Wang L, Ma J. Effects of nanostructured, diamondlike, carbon coating and nitrocarburizing on the frictional properties and biocompatibility of orthodontic stainless steel wires. Angle Orthodontist 86: 782-788 (2016)

DOI Google Scholar

[18]

Bącela J, Łabowska M, Detyna J, Zięty A, Michalak I. Functional coatings for orthodontic archwires—A review. Materials 13: 3257 (2020)

DOI Google Scholar

[19]

Novoselov K S, Geim A K, Morozov S V, Jiang D, Zhang Y, Dubonos S V, Grigorieva I V, Firsov A A. Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306: 666-669 (2004)

DOI Google Scholar

[20]

Hu W, Peng C, Luo W, Lv M, Li X, Li D, Huang Q, Fan C. Graphene-based antibacterial paper. ACS Nano 4: 4317-4323 (2010)

DOI Google Scholar

[21]

Chung C, Kim Y K, Shin D, Ryoo S R, Hong B H, Min D H. Biomedical applications of graphene and graphene oxide. Accounts of Chemical Research 46: 2211-2224 (2013)

DOI Google Scholar

[22]

Jia Z, Shi Y, Xiong P, Zhou W, Cheng Y, Zheng Y, Xi T, Wei S. From solution to biointerface: graphene self-assemblies of varying lateral sizes and surface properties for biofilm control and osteodifferentiation. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces 8: 17151-17165 (2016)

DOI Google Scholar

[23]

Lu N, Wang L, Lv M, Tang Z, Fan C. Graphene-based nanomaterials in biosystems. Nano Research 12: 247-264 (2019)

DOI Google Scholar

[24]

Kawai S, Benassi A, Gnecco E, Söde H, Pawlak R, Feng X, Müllen K, Passerone D, Pignedoli C A, Ruffieux P, Fasel R, Meyer E. Superlubricity of graphene nanoribbons on gold surfaces. Science 351: 957-961 (2016)

DOI Google Scholar

[25]

Berman D, Erdemir A, Sumant A V. Approaches for achieving superlubricity in two-dimensional materials. ACS Nano 12: 2122-2137 (2018)

DOI Google Scholar

[26]

Hod O, Meyer E, Zheng Q, Urbakh M. Structural superlubricity and ultralow friction across the length scales. Nature 563: 485-492 (2018)

DOI Google Scholar

[27]

Chen X, Li J. Superlubricity of carbon nanostructures. Carbon 158: 1-23 (2020)

DOI Google Scholar

[28]

Wang C, Diao D F. Self-magnetism induced large positive magnetoresistance at room temperature region in graphene nanocrystallited carbon film. Carbon 112: 162-168 (2017)

DOI Google Scholar

[29]

Huang L L, Cao Y Y, Diao D F. Nanosized graphene sheets induced high electrochemical activity in pure carbon film. Electrochimica Acta 262: 173-181 (2018)

DOI Google Scholar

[30]

Zhang X, Lin Z Z, Peng D, Ye L, Zang J F, Diao D F. Edge-state-enhanced ultrahigh photoresponsivity of graphene nanosheet-embedded carbon film/silicon heterojunction. Advanced Materials Interfaces 6: 1802062 (2019)

DOI Google Scholar

[31]

Wang P, Zhang W Q, Diao D F. Low friction of graphene nanocrystallite embedded carbon nitride coatings prepared with MCECR plasma sputtering. Surface and Coatings Technology 332: 153-160 (2017)

DOI Google Scholar

[32]

Wang P, Xue P, Chen C, Diao D F. Structural and tribological behaviors of graphene nanocrystallited carbon nitride films. Applied Surface Science 495: 143591 (2019)

DOI Google Scholar

[33]

Diao D F, Wang C, Fan X. Frictional behavior of nanostructured carbon films. Friction 1(1): 63-71 (2013)

DOI Google Scholar

[34]

Sun K, Diao D F. Current density effect on current-carrying friction of amorphous carbon film. Carbon 157: 113-119 (2020)

DOI Google Scholar

[35]

Huang L L, Cao Y Y, Diao D F. Electrochemical activation of graphene sheets embedded carbon films for high sensitivity simultaneous determination of hydroquinone, catechol and resorcinol. Sensors and Actuators B: Chemical 305: 127495 (2020)

DOI Google Scholar

[36]

Huang S Y, Huang J J, Kang T, Diao D F, Duan Y Z. Coating NiTi archwires with diamond-like carbon films: reducing fluoride-induced corrosion and improving frictional properties. Journal of Materials Science-Materials in Medicine 24: 2287-2292 (2013)

DOI Google Scholar

[37]

Kang T, Huang S Y, Huang J J, Li Q H, Diao D F, Duan Y Z. The effects of diamond-like carbon films on fretting wear behavior of orthodontic archwire-bracket contacts. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 15: 4641-4647 (2015)

DOI Google Scholar

[38]

Zhang M, Liu X, Shang H, Lin J. Comparison of TiN and CN_x coatings on orthodontic stainless steel: tribological and biological evaluation. Surface and Coatings Technology 362: 381-387 (2019)

DOI Google Scholar

[39]

Wang C, Zhang X, Diao D. Nanosized graphene crystallite induced strong magnetism in pure carbon films. Nanoscale 7: 4475-4481 (2015)

DOI Google Scholar

[40]

Wang C, Diao D, Fan X, Chen C. Graphene sheets embedded carbon film prepared by electron irradiation in electron cyclotron resonance plasma. Applied Physics Letters 100: 231909 (2012)

DOI Google Scholar

[41]

Chen C, Fan X, Diao D F. Low-energy electron irradiation induced top-surface nanocrystallization of amorphous carbon film. Applied Surface Science 384: 341-347 (2016)

DOI Google Scholar

[42]

Zhang W Q, Diao D F, Sun K, Fan X, Wang P. Study on friction-electrification coupling in sliding-mode triboelectric nanogenerator. Nano Energy 48: 456-463 (2018)

DOI Google Scholar

[43]

Xue P, Chen C, Diao D F. Ultra-sensitive flexible strain sensor based on graphene nanocrystallite carbon film with wrinkle structure. Carbon 147: 227-235 (2019)

DOI Google Scholar

[44]

Sun K, Fan X, Zhang W Q, Xue P, Diao D F. Contact- focusing electron flow induced nanosized graphene sheets formation in amorphous carbon film for fast low-friction. Carbon 149: 45-54 (2019)

DOI Google Scholar

[45]

Sánchez-López J C, Erdemir A, Donnet C, Rojas T C. Friction-induced structural transformations of diamondlike carbon coatings under various atmospheres. Surface and Coatings Technology 163-164: 444-450 (2003)

DOI Google Scholar

[46]

Fan X, Diao D F. Ion excitation and etching effects on top-surface properties of sp² nanocrystallited carbon films. Applied Surface Science 462: 669-677 (2018)

DOI Google Scholar

[47]

Guo M, Diao D, Yang L, Fan X. Restructured graphene sheets embedded carbon film by oxygen plasma etching and its tribological properties. Applied Surface Science 357: 771-776 (2015)

DOI Google Scholar

[48]

Barbosa L M, da Silva W M Jr, de Mello J D B. Orthomicrotribometer. Wear 426-427: 1729-1739 (2019)

DOI Google Scholar

[49]

Wang G, Dai Z, Wang Y, Tan P, Liu L, Xu Z, Wei Y, Huang R, Zhang Z. Measuring interlayer shear stress in bilayer graphene. Physical Review Letters 119: 036101 (2017)

DOI Google Scholar

[50]

Thorstenson G A, Kusy R P. Resistance to sliding of self-ligating brackets versus conventional stainless steel twin brackets with second-order angulation in the dry and wet (saliva) states. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 120: 361-370 (2001)

DOI Google Scholar

[51]

Bongaerts J H H, Rossetti D, Stokes J R. The lubricating properties of human whole saliva. Tribology Letters 27: 277-287 (2007)

DOI Google Scholar

[52]

Dridi A, Bensalah W, Mezlini S, Tobji S, Zidi M. Influence of bio-lubricants on the orthodontic friction. Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials 60: 1-7 (2016)

DOI Google Scholar

[53]

Nanjundan K, Vimala G. Evaluation of frictional resistance and surface characteristics after immersion of orthodontic brackets and wire in different chemical solutions: a comparative in vitro study. Indian Journal of Dental Research 27: 513-520 (2016)

DOI Google Scholar

[54]

Yakubov G, Macakova L, Wilson S, Windust J, Stokes J. Aqueous lubrication by fractionated salivary proteins: synergistic interaction of mucin polymer brush with low molecular weight macromolecules. Tribology International 89: 34-45 (2015)

DOI Google Scholar

Electronic supplementary material

File

40544_2020_471_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (5.8 MB)

About this article

Publication history

Acknowledgements

Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 29 April 2020

Revised: 21 September 2020

Accepted: 04 November 2020

Published: 26 January 2021

Issue date: January 2022

Copyright

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to appreciate the Shenzhen Fundamental Research Project (JCYJ20180305125239722 and JCYJ20160427105015701) and National Natural Science Foundation of China (51405308). Mr. Xiaoyi Luo is also thanked for the preparation of the 3D illustration of the experimental apparatus. The Electron Microscope Center (EMC) of Shenzhen University is kindly appreciated for instrument time and technical support in SEM-EDS and TEM-EELS characterizations.

Rights and permissions

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.