Review Article
Open Access
Issue
Published:
02 June 2020
Open Access
Issue
Published:
02 June 2020
Superlubricitive engineering—Future industry nearly getting rid of wear and frictional energy consumption
Jianbin LUO1(
),
),
Keywords:
lubrication, superlubricity, two-dimensional (2D) material, liquid superlubricity, superlubricitive engineering, solid superlubricity
Cite this article:
LUO J, ZHOU X.
Superlubricitive engineering—Future industry nearly getting rid of wear and frictional energy consumption.
Friction,
2020, 8(4): 643-665.
https://doi.org/10.1007/s40544-020-0393-0
Download citation
1003
Views
58
Downloads
Citations
149
Crossref
N/A
WoS
143
Scopus
27
CSCD
Superlubricity has been developing very rapidly in recent years as a new and important area in tribology. Many new phenomena and materials, as well as some new mechanisms in both liquid and solid superlubricity have been obtained. In liquid superlubricity, tens of new kinds of liquids with superlubricity have been found (e.g., water-based liquids, oil-based lubricants, and liquids combined with additives of two-dimensional (2D) materials that exhibit very good superlubricity properties under high pressure). In the field of solid superlubricity, more materials with superlubricity have been observed, including graphene-to-graphene surfaces, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite to graphene surfaces, and heterostructure surfaces where a friction coefficient as low as 0.00004 has been obtained. However, superlubricity is still under laboratory research. What is the future of superlubricity? What is the barrier restricting superlubricity from industrial applications? How do we transfer superlubricity from scientific research to industrial application? These questions and application fields of superlubricity in near future have been analyzed, and the concept of "superlubricitive engineering" has been proposed in the present work.
menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article
Superlubricitive engineering—Future industry nearly getting rid of wear and frictional energy consumption
Jianbin LUO1(
),
),
Abstract
Superlubricity has been developing very rapidly in recent years as a new and important area in tribology. Many new phenomena and materials, as well as some new mechanisms in both liquid and solid superlubricity have been obtained. In liquid superlubricity, tens of new kinds of liquids with superlubricity have been found (e.g., water-based liquids, oil-based lubricants, and liquids combined with additives of two-dimensional (2D) materials that exhibit very good superlubricity properties under high pressure). In the field of solid superlubricity, more materials with superlubricity have been observed, including graphene-to-graphene surfaces, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite to graphene surfaces, and heterostructure surfaces where a friction coefficient as low as 0.00004 has been obtained. However, superlubricity is still under laboratory research. What is the future of superlubricity? What is the barrier restricting superlubricity from industrial applications? How do we transfer superlubricity from scientific research to industrial application? These questions and application fields of superlubricity in near future have been analyzed, and the concept of "superlubricitive engineering" has been proposed in the present work.
Keywords:
lubrication, superlubricity, two-dimensional (2D) material, liquid superlubricity, superlubricitive engineering, solid superlubricity
References(116)
[1]
P Dašić, F Franek, E Assenova, M Radovanovic. International standardization and organizations in the field of tribology. Ind Lubr Tribol 55(6): 287-291 (2003)
[2]
H P Jost. Tribology micro and macro economics: A road to economic savings. In World Tribology Congress III, Washington DC, 2005: 18-22.
[3]
K Holmberg, A Erdemir. Influence of tribology on global energy consumption, costs and emissions. Friction 5(3): 263-284 (2017)
[4]
K Shinjo, M Hirano. Dynamics of friction: Superlubric state. Surf Sci 283(1-3): 473-478 (1993)
[5]
A Erdemir, J M Martin. Superlubricity. Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Elsevier, 2007.
[6]
O Hod, E Meyer, Q S Zheng, M Urbakh. Structural superlubricity and ultralow friction across the length scales. Nature 563(7732): 485-492 (2018)
[7]
O Hod. Interlayer commensurability and superlubricity in rigid layered materials. Phys Rev B 86(7): 075444 (2012)
[8]
S W Liu, H P Wang, Q Xu, T B Ma, G Yu, C H Zhang, D C Geng, Z W Yu, S G Zhang, W Z Wang, et al. Robust microscale superlubricity under high contact pressure enabled by graphene-coated microsphere. Nat Commun 8(1): 14029 (2017)
[9]
A Erdemir. Superlubricity and wearless sliding in diamondlike carbon films. MRS Online Proceeding Library 697: 9.1 (2001)
[10]
D Le Cao Ky, B C Tran Khac, C T Le, Y S Kim, K H Chung. Friction characteristics of mechanically exfoliated and CVD-grown single-layer MoS2. Friction 6(4): 395-406 (2018)
[11]
K S Novoselov, D Jiang, F Schedin, T J Booth, V V Khotkevich, S V Morozov, A K Geim. Two-dimensional atomic crystals. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102(30): 10451-10453 (2005)
[12]
J M Martin, C Donnet, T Le Mogne, T Epicier. Superlubricity of molybdenum disulphide. Phys Rev B 48(14): 10583-10586 (1993)
[13]
M Dienwiebel, G S Verhoeven, N Pradeep, J W M Frenken, J A Heimberg, H W Zandbergen. Superlubricity of graphite. Phys Rev Lett 92(12): 126101 (2004)
[14]
J J Li, J F Li, J B Luo. Superlubricity of graphite sliding against graphene nanoflake under ultrahigh contact pressure. Adv Sci 5(11): 1800810 (2018)
[15]
Y M Liu, A S Song, Z Xu, R L Zong, J Zhang, W Y Yang, R Wang, Y Z Hu, J B Luo, T B Ma. Interlayer friction and superlubricity in single-crystalline contact enabled by two- dimensional flake-wrapped atomic force microscope tips. ACS Nano 12(8): 7638-7646 (2018)
[16]
D Berman, A Erdemir, A V Sumant. Approaches for achieving superlubricity in two-dimensional materials. ACS Nano 12(3): 2122-2137 (2018)
[17]
K Q Wang, W G Ouyang, W Cao, M Ma, Q S Zheng. Robust superlubricity by strain engineering. Nanoscale 11(5): 2186-2193 (2019)
[18]
J Liu, Y Z Qi, Q Y Li, T Y Duan, W Yue, A Vadakkepatt, C Ye, Y L Dong. Vacancy-controlled friction on 2D materials: Roughness, flexibility, and chemical reactions. Carbon 142: 363-372 (2019)
[19]
L F Wang, X Zhou, T B Ma, D M Liu, L Gao, X Li, J Zhang, Y Z Hu, H Wang, Y D Dai, et al. Superlubricity of a graphene/MoS2 heterostructure: A combined experimental and DFT study. Nanoscale 9(30): 10846-10853 (2017)
[20]
J H Sun, Y N Zhang, Z B Lu, Q Y Li, Q J Xue, S Y Du, J B Pu, L P Wang. Superlubricity enabled by pressure-induced friction collapse. J Phys Chem Lett 9(10): 2554-2559 (2018)
[21]
J H Sun, K K Chang, D H Mei, Z B Lu, J B Pu, Q J Xue, Q Huang, L P Wang, S Y Du. Mutual identification between the pressure-induced superlubricity and the image contrast inversion of carbon nanostructures from AFM technology. J Phys Chem Lett 10(7): 1498-1504 (2019)
[22]
Y M Song, D Mandelli, O Hod, M Urbakh, M Ma, Q S Zheng. Robust microscale superlubricity in graphite/hexagonal boron nitride layered heterojunctions. Nat Mater 17(10): 894-899 (2018)
[23]
J J Li, X Y Ge, J B Luo. Random occurrence of macroscale superlubricity of graphite enabled by tribo-transfer of multilayer graphene nanoflakes. Carbon 138: 154-160 (2018)
[24]
D Berman, B Narayanan, M J Cherukara, S K R S Sankaranarayanan, A Erdemir, A Zinovev, A V Sumant. Operando tribochemical formation of onion-like-carbon leads to macroscale superlubricity. Nat Commun 9(1): 1164 (2018)
[25]
Z B Gong, X L Jia, W Ma, B Zhang, J Y Zhang. Hierarchical structure graphitic-like/MoS2 film as superlubricity material. Appl Surf Sci 413: 381-386 (2017)
[26]
A Erdemir, O Eryilmaz. Achieving superlubricity in DLC films by controlling bulk, surface, and tribochemistry. Friction 2(2): 140-155 (2014)
[27]
K Miyoshi, M Murakawa, S Watanabe, S Takeuchi, S Miyake, R L C Wu. CVD diamond, DLC, and c-BN coatings for solid film lubrication. Tribol Lett 5(2-3): 123-129 (1998)
[28]
A Erdemir. Design criteria for superlubricity in carbon films and related microstructures. Tribol Int 37(7): 577-583 (2004)
[29]
A Erdemir. The role of hydrogen in tribological properties of diamond-like carbon films. Surf Coat Technol 146-147: 292-297 (2001)
[30]
Q F Zeng, O Eryilmaz, A Erdemir. Superlubricity of the DLC films-related friction system at elevated temperature. Rsc Adv 5(113): 93147-93154 (2015)
[31]
X C Chen, C H Zhang, T Kato, X A Yang, S D Wu, R Wang, M Nosaka, J B Luo. Evolution of tribo-induced interfacial nanostructures governing superlubricity in a-C:H and a-C:H:Si films. Nat Commun 8(1): 1675 (2017)
[32]
K C Mutyala, Y A Wu, A Erdemir, A V Sumant. Graphene- MoS2 ensembles to reduce friction and wear in DLC-Steel contacts. Carbon 146: 524-527 (2019)
[33]
Y H Liu, B J Yu, Z Y Cao, P F Shi, N N Zhou, B Zhang, J Y Zhang, L M Qian. Probing superlubricity stability of hydrogenated diamond-like carbon film by varying sliding velocity. Appl Surf Sci 439: 976-982 (2018)
[34]
Y H Liu, L Chen, B Zhang, Z Y Cao, P F Shi, Y Peng, N N Zhou, J Y Zhang, L M Qian. Key role of transfer layer in load dependence of friction on hydrogenated diamond-like carbon films in humid air and vacuum. Materials 12(9): 1550 (2019)
[35]
I Braceras, I Ibáñez, S Dominguez-Meister, X Velasco, M Brizuela, I Garmendia. Electro-tribological properties of diamond like carbon coatings. Friction 8(2): 451-461(2019)
[36]
L C Cui, H Zhou, K F Zhang, Z B Lu, X R Wang. Bias voltage dependence of superlubricity lifetime of hydrogenated amorphous carbon films in high vacuum. Tribol Int 117: 107-111 (2018)
[37]
M Gao, H Y Li, L R Ma, Y Gao, L W Ma, J B Luo. Molecular behaviors in thin film lubrication—Part two: Direct observation of the molecular orientation near the solid surface. Friction 7(5): 479-488 (2019)
[38]
L R Ma, J B Luo. Thin film lubrication in the past 20 years. Friction 4(4): 280-302 (2016)
[39]
J B Luo, S Z Wen, P Huang. Thin film lubrication. Part I. Study on the transition between EHL and thin film lubrication using a relative optical interference intensity technique. Wear 194(1-2): 107-115 (1996)
[40]
X Ge, T Halmans, J Li, J Luo. Molecular behaviors in thin film lubrication—Part three: Superlubricity attained by polar and nonpolar molecules. Friction 7(6):625-636 (2018)
[41]
S H Zhang, Y J Qiao, Y H Liu, L R Ma, J B Luo. Molecular behaviors in thin film lubrication—Part one: Film formation for different polarities of molecules. Friction 7(4): 372-387 (2019)
[42]
J J Li, L R Ma, S H Zhang, C H Zhang, Y H Liu, J B Luo. Investigations on the mechanism of superlubricity achieved with phosphoric acid solution by direct observation. J Appl Phys 114(11): 114901 (2013)
[43]
J J Li, C H Zhang, J B Luo. Superlubricity behavior with phosphoric acid-water network induced by rubbing. Langmuir 27(15): 9413-9417 (2011)
[44]
J J Li, C H Zhang, L R Ma, Y H Liu, J B Luo. Superlubricity achieved with mixtures of acids and glycerol. Langmuir 29(1): 271-275 (2013)
[45]
J Klein, E Kumacheva, D Mahalu, D Perahia, L J Fetters. Reduction of frictional forces between solid surfaces bearing polymer brushes. Nature 370(6491): 634-636 (1994)
[46]
L R Ma, A Gaisinskaya-Kipnis, N Kampf, J Klein. Origins of hydration lubrication. Nat Commun 6(1): 6060 (2015)
[47]
J B Luo, M M Deng, C H Zhang. Advances in Superlubricity. Plenary Talk at ITS-IFToMM 2017, March 19-22, Jeju, Korea, (2017)
[48]
M M Deng. Investigation of liquid superlubricity mechansim. Ph.D. thesis. Beijing (China): Tsinghua University, 2017.
[49]
M M Deng, C H Zhang, J J Li, L R Ma, J B Luo. Hydrodynamic effect on the superlubricity of phosphoric acid between ceramic and sapphire. Friction 2(2): 173-181 (2014)
[50]
J J Li, C H Zhang, L Sun, X Lu, J B Luo. Tribochemistry and superlubricity induced by hydrogen ions. Langmuir 28(45): 15816-15823 (2012)
[51]
X Y Ge, J J Li, C H Zhang, J B Luo. Liquid superlubricity of polyethylene glycol aqueous solution achieved with boric acid additive. Langmuir 34(12): 3578-3587 (2018)
[52]
N Saurín, J Sanes, F J Carrión, M D Bermúdez. Self-healing of abrasion damage on epoxy resin controlled by ionic liquid. RSC Adv 6(43): 37258-37264 (2016)
[53]
A E Somers, B Khemchandani, P C Howlett, J Z Sun, D R MacFarlane, M Forsyth. Ionic liquids as antiwear additives in base oils: Influence of structure on miscibility and antiwear performance for steel on aluminum. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 5(22): 11544-11553 (2013)
[54]
M W Han, R M Espinosa-Marzal. Molecular mechanisms underlying lubrication by ionic liquids: Activated slip and flow. Lubricants 6(3): 64 (2018)
[55]
X Y Ge, J J Li, C H Zhang, Y H Liu, J B Luo. Superlubricity and antiwear properties of in situ-formed ionic liquids at ceramic interfaces induced by tribochemical reactions. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(6): 6568-6574 (2019)
[56]
T Y Han, C H Zhang, J B Luo. Macroscale superlubricity enabled by hydrated alkali metal ions. Langmuir 34(38): 11281-11291 (2018)
[57]
S W Zhang, C H Zhang, Y Z Hu, L R Ma. Numerical simulation of mixed lubrication considering surface forces. Tribol Int 140: 105878 (2019)
[58]
J J Li, C H Zhang, M M Deng, J B Luo. Superlubricity of silicone oil achieved between two surfaces by running-in with acid solution. RSC Adv 5(39): 30861-30868 (2015)
[59]
Y Long, M I De Barros Bouchet, T Lubrecht, T Onodera, J M Martin. Superlubricity of glycerol by self-sustained chemical polishing. Sci Rep 9(1): 6286 (2019)
[60]
S Choudhary, H P Mungse, O P Khatri. Dispersion of alkylated graphene in organic solvents and its potential for lubrication applications. J Mater Chem 22(39): 21032-21039 (2012)
[61]
X Y Ge, J J Li, H D Wang, C H Zhang, Y H Liu, J B Luo. Macroscale superlubricity under extreme pressure enabled by the combination of graphene-oxide nanosheets with ionic liquid. Carbon 151: 76-83 (2019)
[62]
H D Wang, Y H Liu, W R Liu, Y M Liu, K P Wang, J J Li, T B Ma, O L Eryilmaz, Y J Shi, A Erdemir, et al. Superlubricity of polyalkylene glycol aqueous solutions enabled by ultrathin layered double hydroxide nanosheets. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 11(22): 20249-20256 (2019)
[63]
W Wang, G X Xie, J B Luo. Superlubricity of black phosphorus as lubricant additive. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 10(49): 43203-43210 (2018)
[64]
J J Li, W Cao, J F Li, M Ma, J B Luo. Molecular origin of superlubricity between graphene and a highly hydrophobic surface in water. J Phys Chem Lett 10(11): 2978-2984 (2019)
[65]
K Holmberg, P Andersson, A Erdemir. Global energy consumption due to friction in passenger cars. Tribol Int 47: 221-234 (2012)
[66]
H L Liu, H J Liu, C C Zhu, R G Parker. Effects of lubrication on gear performance: A review. Mech Mach Theory 145: 103701 (2020)
[67]
D P Townsend, E V Zaretsky, H W Scibbe. Lubricant and additive effects on spur gear fatigue life. J Tribol 108(3): 468-475 (1986)
[68]
T L Krantz, A Kahraman. An experimental investigation of the influence of the lubricant viscosity and additives on gear wear. Tribol Trans 47(1): 138-148 (2004)
[69]
T L Krantz. Correlation of gear surface fatigue lives to lambda ratio (Specific Film Thickness). GRC-E-DAA-TN9030 (2013)
[70]
N Sagraloff, A Dobler, T Tobie, K Stahl, J Ostrowski. Development of an oil free water-based lubricant for gear applications. Lubricants 7(4): 33 (2019)
[71]
M Yilmaz, M Mirza, T Lohner, K Stahl. Superlubricity in EHL contacts with water-containing gear fluids. Lubricants 7(5): 46 (2019)
[72]
Information. http://www.ruino.cn/news/2-603.html, 2019.
[73]
K C Mutyala, G L Doll, J G Wen, A V Sumant. Superlubricity in rolling/sliding contacts. Appl Phys Lett 115(10): 103103 (2019)
[74]
M Björling, Y J Shi. DLC and glycerol: Superlubricity in rolling/sliding elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Tribol Lett 67(1): 23 (2019)
[75]
K Holmberg, P Andersson, N O Nylund, K Makela, A Erdemir. Global energy consumption due to friction in trucks and buses. Tribol Int 78: 94-114 (2014)
[76]
B Tormos, J Martín, R Carreño, L Ramírez. A general model to evaluate mechanical losses and auxiliary energy consumption in reciprocating internal combustion engines. Tribol Int 123: 161-179 (2018)
[77]
E Ciulli. A review of internal combustion engine losses Part 1: Specific studies on the motion of pistons, valves and bearings. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering 206(4): 223-236 (1992)
[78]
W W F Chong, J H Ng, S Rajoo, C T Chong. Passenger transportation sector gasoline consumption due to friction in Southeast Asian countries. Energ Convers Manage 158: 346-358 (2018)
[79]
M K A Ali, F M Peng, H A Younus, M A A Abdelkareem, F A Essa, A Elagouz, X J Hou. Fuel economy in gasoline engines using Al2O3/TiO2 nanomaterials as nanolubricant additives. Appl Energ 211: 461-478 (2018)
[80]
M Esquivel-Gaon, N H A Nguyen, M F Sgroi, D Pullini, F Gili, D Mangherini, A I Pruna, P Rosicka, A Sevcu, V Castagnola. In vitro and environmental toxicity of reduced graphene oxide as an additive in automotive lubricants. Nanoscale 10(14): 6539-6548 (2018)
[81]
E Larsson, P Olander, S Jacobson. Boric acid as fuel additive- Friction experiments and reflections around its effect on fuel saving. Tribol Int 128: 302-312 (2018)
[82]
B Johnson, H X Wu, M Desanker, D Pickens, Y W Chung, Q J Wang. Direct formation of lubricious and wear-protective carbon films from phosphorus- and sulfur-free oil-soluble additives. Tribol Lett 66(1): 2 (2017)
[83]
N Gupta, N Tandon, R K Pandey. An exploration of the performance behaviors of lubricated textured and conventional spur gearsets. Tribol Int 128: 376-385 (2018)
[84]
A Siddaiah, A K Kasar, A Manoj, P L Menezes. Influence of environmental friendly multiphase lubricants on the friction and transfer layer formation during sliding against textured surfaces. J Clean Prod 209: 1245-1251 (2019)
[85]
N Umehara, T Kitamura, S Ito, T Tokoroyama, M Murashima, M Izumida, N Kawakami. Effect of carbonaceous hard coatings overcoat on friction and wear properties for al alloy sliding bearing in oil lubrication. In Advances in Mechanism and Machine Science. T Uhl, Ed. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2019: 3795-3803.
[86]
H Tao, M T Tsai, H W Chen, J C Huang, J G Duh. Improving high-temperature tribological characteristics on nanocomposite CrAlSiN coating by Mo doping. Surf Coat Technol 349: 752-756 (2018)
[87]
A Akbarzadeh, M M Khonsari. Effect of untampered plasma coating and surface texturing on friction and running-in behavior of piston rings. Coatings 8(3): 110 (2018)
[88]
G Q Tao, L F Wang, Z F Wen, Q H Guan, X S Jin. Measurement and assessment of out-of-round electric locomotive wheels. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part F: J Rail Rapid Transit 232(1): 275-287 (2016)
[89]
Information. https://www.qianzhan.com/analyst/detail/220/ 190222-d32e255e.html, 2019.
[90]
Information. http://www.tradeinvest.cn/information/4566/detail, 2019.
[91]
H Puls, F Klocke, D Lung. Experimental investigation on friction under metal cutting conditions. Wear 310(1-2): 63-71 (2014)
[92]
A K Sharma, A K Tiwari, A R Dixit. Effects of Minimum Quantity Lubrication (MQL) in machining processes using conventional and nanofluid based cutting fluids: A comprehensive review. J Clean Prod 127: 1-18 (2016)
[93]
R A Irani, R J Bauer, A Warkentin. A review of cutting fluid application in the grinding process. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 45(15): 1696-1705 (2005)
[94]
E Brinksmeier, C Heinzel, M Wittmann. Friction, cooling and lubrication in grinding. CIRP Ann 48(2): 581-598 (1999)
[95]
S Debnath, M M Reddy, Q S Yi. Environmental friendly cutting fluids and cooling techniques in machining: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 83: 33-47 (2014)
[96]
S Debnath, M M Reddy, Q S Yi. Environmental friendly cutting fluids and cooling techniques in machining: A review. Journal of Cleaner Production 83: 33-47(2014)
[97]
A K Sharma, A K Tiwari, A R Dixit. Progress of nanofluid application in machining: A review. Mater Manufact Processes 30(7): 813-828 (2015)
[98]
D L Ge, J X Deng, R Duan, Y Y Liu, X M Li, H Z Yue. Effect of micro-textures on cutting fluid lubrication of cemented carbide tools. Int J Adv Manufact Technol 103(9-12): 3887-3899 (2019)
[99]
A Arslan, H H Masjuki, M A Kalam, M Varman, R A Mufti, M H Mosarof, L S Khuong, M M Quazi. Surface texture manufacturing techniques and tribological effect of surface texturing on cutting tool performance: A review. Crit Rev Solid State Mater Sci 41(6): 447-481 (2016)
[100]
R Campa, K Szocik, M Braddock. Why space colonization will be fully automated. Technol Forecast Soc Change 143: 162-171 (2019)
[101]
H Q Li, L C Duan, X F Liu, G P Cai. Deployment and control of flexible solar array system considering joint friction. Multibody Syst Dyn 39(3): 249-265 (2017)
[102]
S N Wu, R Wang, G Radice, Z G Wu. Robust attitude maneuver control of spacecraft with reaction wheel low- speed friction compensation. Aerosp Sci Technol 43: 213-218 (2015)
[103]
J M Hacker, J Y Ying, P C Lai. Reaction wheel friction telemetry data processing methodology and on-orbit experience. J Astronaut Sci 62(3): 254-269 (2015)
[104]
S L Lu, X Z Qi, Y Hu, B Li, J W Zhang. Deployment dynamics of large space antenna and supporting arms. IEEE Access 7: 69922-69935 (2019)
[105]
W Li, X Q Fan, H Li, M H Zhu, L P Wang. Probing carbon-based composite coatings toward high vacuum lubrication application. Tribol Int 128: 386-396 (2018)
[106]
W H Zhuang, X Q Fan, W Li, H Li, L Zhang, J F Peng, Z B Cai, J L Mo, G G Zhang, M H Zhu. Comparing space adaptability of diamond-like carbon and molybdenum disulfide films toward synergistic lubrication. Carbon 134: 163-173 (2018)
[107]
Q C Chen, G Z Wu, D S Li, A Li, L L Shang, Z B Lu, G G Zhang, Z G Wu, G K Tian. Understanding the unusual friction behavior of TiN films in vacuum. Tribol Int 137: 379-386 (2019)
[108]
W Y Wang, Y L Wang, H F Bao, B Xiong, M H Bao. Friction and wear properties in MEMS. Sens Actuators A-Phys 97-98: 486-491 (2002)
[109]
S H Kim, D B Asay, M T Dugger. Nanotribology and MEMS. Nano Today 2(5): 22-29 (2007)
[110]
R A Singh, S Jayalakshmi, E S Yoon, D C Pham, . Solutions for friction reduction at nano/microscale for MEMS actuators-based devices. In Proceedings of 2016 International Conference on Energy Efficient Technologies for Sustainability, Nagercoil, India, 2016: 874-876.
[111]
J Krim. Controlling friction with external electric or magnetic fields: 25 examples. Front Mech Eng 5: 22 (2019)
[112]
J Y Leong, J Zhang, S K Sinha, A Holmes, H Spikes, T Reddyhoff. Confining liquids on silicon surfaces to lubricate MEMS. Tribol Lett 59(1): 15 (2015)
[113]
Renewables 2018 Global Status Report. 2018.
[114]
A Hussain, S M Arif, M Aslam. Emerging renewable and sustainable energy technologies: State of the art. Renew Sust Energ Rev 71: 12-28 (2017)
[115]
M H Evans. An updated review: White etching cracks (WECs) and axial cracks in wind turbine gearbox bearings. Mater Sci Technol 32(11): 1133-1169 (2016)
[116]
H Chen, T H Tang, N. Aït-Ahmed, M El Hachemi Benbouzid, M Machmoum, M El-Hadi Zaïm. Attraction, challenge and current status of marine current energy. IEEE Access 6: 12665-12685 (2018)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions
Publication history
Received: 31 December 2019
Revised: 29 March 2020
Accepted: 02 April 2020
Published:
02 June 2020
Issue date: August 2020
Copyright
© The author(s) 2020
Acknowledgements
This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51527901).
Rights and permissions
Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International Li-cense, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or for-mat, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not in-cluded in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.
FEEDBACK 
TOP