Journal Home > Volume 9 , Issue 4

Although several empirical wear formulas have been proposed, theoretical approaches for predicting surface topography evolution during sliding wear are limited. In this study, we propose a novel wear-prediction method, wherein the energy-based Arrhenius equation is combined with a mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model to predict the point-contact wear process in mixed lubrication. The surface flash temperature and contact pressure are considered in the wear model. Simulation results are compared with the experimental results to verify the theory. The surface topography evolutions are observed during the wear process. The influences of load and speed on wear are investigated. The simulation results based on the Arrhenius equation relationship shows good agreement with the results of experiments as well as the Archard wear formula. However, the Arrhenius equation is more accurate than the Archard wear theory in some aspects, such as under high-temperature conditions. The results indicate that combining the wear formulas with the mixed EHL simulation models is an effective method to study the wear behavior over time.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Wear law in mixed lubrication based on stress-promoted thermal activation

Show Author's information Xin PEI1Wei PU1( )Jialong YANG1Ying ZHANG2
School of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
School of Manufacturing Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China

Abstract

Although several empirical wear formulas have been proposed, theoretical approaches for predicting surface topography evolution during sliding wear are limited. In this study, we propose a novel wear-prediction method, wherein the energy-based Arrhenius equation is combined with a mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) model to predict the point-contact wear process in mixed lubrication. The surface flash temperature and contact pressure are considered in the wear model. Simulation results are compared with the experimental results to verify the theory. The surface topography evolutions are observed during the wear process. The influences of load and speed on wear are investigated. The simulation results based on the Arrhenius equation relationship shows good agreement with the results of experiments as well as the Archard wear formula. However, the Arrhenius equation is more accurate than the Archard wear theory in some aspects, such as under high-temperature conditions. The results indicate that combining the wear formulas with the mixed EHL simulation models is an effective method to study the wear behavior over time.

Keywords: sliding wear, surface topography, mixed lubrication, Archard, Arrhenius

References(31)

[1]
Meng H C, Ludema K C. Wear models and predictive equations: Their form and content. Wear 181-183: 443-457 (1995)
[2]
Archard J F. Contact and rubbing of flat surfaces. J Appl Phys 24(8): 981-988 (1953)
[3]
Andersson J, Almqvist A, Larsson R. Numerical simulation of a wear experiment. Wear 271(11-12): 2947-2952 (2011)
[4]
Binnig G, Quate C F, Gerber C. Atomic force microscope. Phys Rev Lett 56(9): 930-933 (1986)
[5]
Gotsmann B, Lantz M A. Atomistic wear in a single asperity sliding contact. Phys Rev Lett 101(12): 125501 (2008)
[6]
Laidler K J. The development of the Arrhenius equation. J Chem Educ 61(6): 494 (1984)
[7]
Jacobs T D B, Carpick R W. Nanoscale wear as a stress-assisted chemical reaction. Nat Nanotechnol 8(2): 108-112 (2013)
[8]
Liu J, Grierson D S, Moldovan N, Notbohm J, Li S, Jaroenapibal P, O'Connor S D, Sumant A V, Neelakantan N, Carlisle J A, et al. Preventing nanoscale wear of atomic force microscopy tips through the use of monolithic ultrananocrystalline diamond probes. Small 6(10): 1140-1149 (2010)
[9]
Bhaskaran H, Gotsmann B, Sebastian A, Drechsler U, Lantz M A, Despont M, Jaroenapibal P, Carpick R W, Chen Y, Sridharan K. Ultralow nanoscale wear through atom-by-atom attrition in silicon-containing diamond-like carbon. Nat Nanotechnol 5(3): 181-185 (2010)
[10]
Valentin L P, Roman P. Adhesive wear and particle emission: Numerical approach based on asperity-free formulation of Rabinowicz criterion. Friction 6(3): 260-273 (2018)
[11]
Jean-François M, Ramin A, Tobias B, Lucas F, Enrico M. Adhesive wear mechanisms uncovered by atomistic simulations. Friction 6(3): 245-259 (2018)
[12]
Souilliart T, Rigaud E, Le Bot A, Phalippou C. Energy-based wear law for oblique impacts in dry environment. Tribol Int 105: 241-249 (2017)
[13]
Ghanbarzadeh A, Wilson M, Morina A, Dowson D, Neville A. Development of a new mechano-chemical model in boundary lubrication. Tribol Int 93: 573-582 (2016)
[14]
Hu Y Z, Zhu D. A full numerical solution to the mixed lubrication in point contacts. J Tribol 122(1): 1-9 (2000)
[15]
Hooke C J, Li K G, Morales-Espejel G. Rapid calculation of the pressures and clearances in rough, rolling-sliding elastohydrodynamically lubricated contacts. Part 2: General, non-sinusoidal roughness. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part C J Mech Eng Sci 221(5): 551-562 (2007)
[16]
Masjedi M, Khonsari M M. On the effect of surface roughness in point-contact EHL: Formulas for film thickness and asperity load. Tribol Int 82: 228-244 (2015)
[17]
Zhu D, Martini A, Wang W Z, Hu Y Z, Lisowsky B, Wang Q J. Simulation of sliding wear in mixed lubrication. J Tribol 129(3): 544-552 (2007)
[18]
Pei X, Pu W, Zhang Y, Huang L. Surface topography and friction coefficient evolution during sliding wear in a mixed lubricated rolling-sliding contact. Tribol Int 137: 303-312 (2019)
[19]
Zhao E H, Ma B, Li H Y. Wear and lubrication behaviors of Cu-based friction pairs with asperity contacts: Numerical and experimental studies. Tribol Lett 65(2): 69 (2017)
[20]
Morales-Espejel G E, Rycerz P, Kadiric A. Prediction of micropitting damage in gear teeth contacts considering the concurrent effects of surface fatigue and mild wear. Wear 398-399: 99-115 (2018)
[21]
Lewis R. A modelling technique for predicting compound impact wear. Wear 262(11-12): 1516-1521 (2007)
[22]
Bazrafshan M, De Rooij M B, Valefi M, Schipper D J. Numerical method for the adhesive normal contact analysis based on a Dugdale approximation. Tribol Int 112: 117-128 (2017)
[23]
Maugis D. Adhesion of spheres: The JKR-DMT transition using a Dugdale model. J Colloid Interface Sci 150(1): 243-269 (1992)
[24]
Akchurin A, Bosman R. A deterministic stress-activated model for tribo-film growth and wear simulation. Tribol Lett 65(2): 59 (2017)
[25]
Furustig J, Almqvist A, Bates C A, Ennemark P, Larsson R. A two scale mixed lubrication wearing-in model, applied to hydraulic motors. Tribol Int 90: 248-256 (2015)
[26]
Chung K H. Wear characteristics of atomic force microscopy tips: A review. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 15(10): 2219-2230 (2014)
[27]
Bair S, Winer W O. A rheological model forelastohydrodynamic contacts based on primary laboratory data. ASME J Lubr Technol 101: 258-264 (1979)
[28]
Dyson A. Frictional traction and lubricant rheology in elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Phil Trans Roy Soc Lond A 266(1170): 1-33 (1970)
[29]
Carslaw H S, Jaeger J C. Conduction of Heat in Solids. 2nd ed. Oxford (Britain): Clarendon Press, 1959.
[30]
Liu Y C, Wang H, Wang W Z, Hu Y Z, Zhu D. Methods comparison in computation of temperature rise on frictional interfaces. Tribol Int 35(8): 549-560 (2002)
[31]
Lancaster J K. The influence of temperature on metallic wear. Proc Phys Soc Sect B 70(1): 112-118 (1957)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 15 October 2019
Revised: 12 December 2019
Accepted: 16 January 2020
Published: 23 July 2020
Issue date: August 2021

Copyright

© The author(s) 2020

Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) (51875369) and the Central Universities Funds (YJ201752). Wei PU would like to express his appreciation for Prof. Dong ZHU’s advice in the mixed EHL model.

Rights and permissions

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Return