Journal Home > Volume 1 , Issue 1

The hydration lubrication paradigm, whereby hydration layers are both strongly held by the charges they surround, and so can support large pressures without being squeezed out, and at the same time remain very rapidly relaxing and so have a fluid response to shear, provides a framework for understanding, controlling, and designing very efficient boundary lubrication systems in aqueous and biological media. This review discusses the properties of confined water, which—unlike organic solvents—retains its fluidity down to molecularly thin films. It then describes lubrication by hydrated ions trapped between charged surfaces, and by other hydrated boundary species including charged and zwitterionic polymer brushes, surfactant monolayers, liposomes, and biological macromolecules implicated in synovial joint lubrication. Finally, challenges and prospects for future development of this new boundary lubrication approach are considered.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Hydration lubrication

Show Author's information Jacob KLEIN( )
Department of Materials & Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, 76100, Israel

Abstract

The hydration lubrication paradigm, whereby hydration layers are both strongly held by the charges they surround, and so can support large pressures without being squeezed out, and at the same time remain very rapidly relaxing and so have a fluid response to shear, provides a framework for understanding, controlling, and designing very efficient boundary lubrication systems in aqueous and biological media. This review discusses the properties of confined water, which—unlike organic solvents—retains its fluidity down to molecularly thin films. It then describes lubrication by hydrated ions trapped between charged surfaces, and by other hydrated boundary species including charged and zwitterionic polymer brushes, surfactant monolayers, liposomes, and biological macromolecules implicated in synovial joint lubrication. Finally, challenges and prospects for future development of this new boundary lubrication approach are considered.

Keywords: boundary lubrication, polymer brushes, hydration lubrication, biolubrication, liposomes, hydration repulsion, hydration layers

References(131)

[1]
Dowson D. History of Tribology. London: Longmans, 1979.
[2]
Nosonovsky M. Oil as a lubricant in the Ancient Middle East. Tribology Online 2(2):44-49 (2007)
[3]
Bhushan B. Fundamentals of Tribology and Bridging the Gap Between Macro- and Micro/Nanoscales. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 2001.
DOI
[4]
Singer I L, Pollock H M. Fundamentals of Friction: Macroscopic and Microscopic Processes. Dordrecht: Kluwer Scientific, 1991.
DOI
[5]
Tabor D. Friction as a dissipative process. In Fundamentals of Friction: Macroscopic and Microscopic Processes, Pollock I, Ed. Dordrecht: Kluwer, 1992: 3-20.
DOI
[6]
Tabor D. Friction - The present state of our understanding. J Lubrication Technology 103:169-179 (1981)
[7]
Bowden F P, Tabor D. Friction: An Introduction to Tribology. New York: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1973.
[8]
Bowden F P, Tabor D. The Friction and Lubrication of Solids. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001.
[9]
Bhushan B. Modern Tribology Handbook, Vols. 1 and 2. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2001.
DOI
[10]
Hardy W, Bircumshaw I. Boundary lubrication: Plane surfaces and the limitations of Amontons Law. In Proc. Roy. Soc. , London, UK, 1925: 1-27.
DOI
[11]
Hardy W B. Collected Works. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1936.
[12]
Prandtl L. Ein Gedankenmodell zur kinetischen Theorie der festen Körper. ZAMM 8:85-106 (1928)
[13]
Tomlinson G A. A molecular theory of friction. Phil Mag 7:905-939 (1929)
[14]
Chen Y L, Helm C, Israelachvili J N. Molecular mechanisms associated with adhesion and contact angle hysteresis of monolayer surfaces. J Phys Chem 95:10736-10747 (1991)
[15]
Tabor D. The role of surface and intermolecular forces in thin film lubrication. In Microscopic Aspects of Adhesion and Lubrication. Georges J M, Ed. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1980: 651-679.
DOI
[16]
Yoshizawa H, Chen Y-L, Israelachvili J. Fundamental mechanisms of interfacial friction. 1. Relation between adhesion and friction. J Phys Chem 97:4128-4140 (1993)
[17]
Bowden F P, Tabor D. The Friction and Lubrication of Solids I. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950.
DOI
[18]
Bowden F P, Tabor D. The Friction and Lubrication of Solids II. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964.
[19]
Brochard F, de Gennes P G. Shear dependent slippage at a polymer/solid interface. Langmuir 8:3033-3037 (1992)
[20]
Klein J. Shear, friction, and lubrication forces between polymer-bearing surfaces. Annu Rev Mater Sci 26:581-612 (1996)
[21]
Klein J, Kumacheva E, Mahalu D, Perahia D, Fetters L. Reduction of frictional forces between solid surfaces bearing polymer brushes. Nature 370:634-636 (1994)
[22]
Schorr P, Kwan T, Kilbey M, Shaqfeh S G, Tirrell M. Shear forces between tethered polymer chains as a function of compression, sliding velocity and solvent quality. Macromolecules 36:389-398 (2003)
[23]
Halperin A, Tirrell M, Lodge T. Tethered chains in polymer microstructures. Advances in Polymer Science 100:31-71 (1992)
[24]
Kampf N, Gohy J F, Jerome R, Klein J. Normal and shear forces between a polyelectrolyte brush and a solid surface. J Polym Sci B - Polym Phys 43:193-204 (2005)
[25]
Leger L, Raphael E, Hervet H. Surface-anchored polymer chains: Their role in adhesion and friction. Adv Polymer Sci 138:185-225 (1999)
[26]
Wijmans C M, Zhulina E B, Fleer G J. Effect of free polymer on the structure of a polymer brush and interaction between 2 polymer brushes. Macromolecules 27:3238-3248 (1994)
[27]
Witten T, Leibler L, Pincus P. Stress-relaxation in the lamellar copolymer mesophase. Macromolecules 23:824-829 (1990)
[28]
Klein J, Kumacheva E, Perahia D, Mahalu D, Warburg S. Interfacial sliding of polymer-bearing surfaces. Faraday Discuss 98:173-188 (1994)
[29]
Tadmor R, Janik J, Fetters L J, Klein J. Sliding friction with polymer brushes. Phys Rev Lett 91:115503 (2003)
[30]
Raviv U, Tadmor R, Klein J. Shear and frictional Interactions between adsorbed polymer layers is a good solvent. J Phys Chem B 105:8125-8134 (2001)
[31]
Dowson D. Biotribology of natural and replacement synovial joints. In Biomechanics of Diarthroidal Joints. Mow V C, Ratcliffe A, Woo S L-Y, Ed. New York: Springer Verlag, 1990: 305-345.
DOI
[32]
Dowson D. New joints for the millenium: Wear control in total replacement hip joints. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 215:335-358 (2001)
[33]
Dowson D, Wright V, Longfield M D. Human joint lubrication. Biomed Eng 4:160-165 (1969)
[34]
McCutchen C W. Lubrication and wear in living and artificial human joints: Physiological lubrication. Proc Inst Mech Eng 181:55-62 (1967)
[35]
McCutchen C W. The frictional properties of animal joints. Wear 5:1-17 (1962)
[36]
Klein J. Repair or replacement: A joint perspective. Science 323:47-48 (2009)
[37]
Raviv U, Laurat P, Klein J. Fluidity of water confined to sub-nanometre films. Nature 413:51-54 (2001)
[38]
Raviv U, Perkin S, Laurat P, Klein J. Fluidity of water confined down to sub-nanometer films. Langmuir 20:5322-5332 (2004)
[39]
Israelachvili J N, McGuiggan P M. Dynamic properties of molecularly thin liquid films. Science 240:189-191 (1988)
[40]
Klein J, Kumacheva E. Confinement-induced phase transitions in simple liquids. Science 269:816-819 (1995)
[41]
Cotton F A, Wilkinson G. Advanced Inorganic Chemistry. NY: Wiley, 1998.
[42]
Briscoe W H, Titmuss S, Tiberg F, Thomas R K, McGillivray D J, Klein J. Boundary lubrication under water. Nature 444:191-194 (2006)
[43]
Chen M, Briscoe W H, Armes S P, Klein J. Lubrication at physiological pressures by polyzwitterionic brushes. Science 323:1698-1701 (2009)
[44]
Raviv U, Giasson S, Kampf N, Gohy J F, Jérôme R, Klein J. Lubrication by charged polymers. Nature 425:163-165 (2003)
[45]
Raviv U, Klein J. Fluidity of bound hydration layers. Science 297:1540-1553 (2002)
[46]
Goldberg R, Schroeder A, Barenholz Y, Klein J. Boundary lubricants with exceptionally low friction coefficients based on 2D close-packed phosphatidylcholine liposomes. Advanced Materials 23:3517-3521 (2011)
[47]
Israelachvili J N. Intermolecular and Surface Forces. Waltham: Academic Press, 2011.
[48]
Saluja P P S. Environment of ions in aqueous solutions. Int Rev Sci Electrochemistry, Part 1, Physical Chemistry Series 26:1-51 (1976)
[49]
Derjaguin B V, Churaev N V, Muller V M. Surface Forces. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1987.
DOI
[50]
Safran S A. Statistical Thermodynamics of Surfaces, Interfaces and Membranes. New York: Addison-Wesley, 1994.
[51]
Silbert G, Ben-Yaakov D, Dror Y, Perkin S, Kampf N, Klein J. Long-ranged attraction between disordered heterogeneous surfaces. Phys Rev Lett 109:168305 (2012)
[52]
Luo J B, Wen S Z, Huang P. Thin film lubrication, Part I: The transtion between EHL and thin film lubrication. Wear 194:107-115 (1996)
[53]
Cui S T, Cummings P T, Cochran H D. Molecular simulation of the transition from liquidlike to solidlike behavior in complex fluids confined to nanoscale gaps. J Chem Phys 114:7189-7195 (2001)
[54]
Jagla E A. Boundary lubrication properties of materials with expansive freezing. Phys Rev Lett 88:245504 (2002)
[55]
Israelachvili J N, Adams G E. Measurement of forces between two mica surfaces in aqueous electrolyte solutions in the range 0-100 nm. J Chem Soc Faraday Trans 179:975-1001 (1978)
[56]
LeNeveu D M, Rand R P, Parsegian V A. Hydration repulsion using osmotic stress technique. Nature 259:601 (1976)
[57]
Pashley R M. Hydration forces between mica surfaces in aqueous electrolyte solutions. J Colloid and Interface Science 80:153-162 (1981)
[58]
Pashley R M. DLVO and hydration forces between mica surfaces in Li+, Na+, K+, and Cs+ electrolyte solutions: A correlation of double-layer and hydration forces with surface cation exchange properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 83:531-536 (1981)
[59]
Pashley R M. Hydration forces between mica surfaces in electrolyte solutions. Adv Col Int Sci 16:57-62 (1982)
[60]
Espinosa-Marzal R M, Drobek T, Balmer T, Heuberger M. Hydrated ion ordering in electrical double layers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 14:6085-6093 (2012)
[61]
Leng Y, Cummings P T. Hydration structure of water confined between mica surfaces. J Chem Phys 124:074711(2006)
[62]
Burgess J. Metal Ions in Solution. Chichester: Ellis Horwood Ltd., 1978.
[63]
Cowley A C, Fuller N L, Rand R P, Parsegian V A. Measurement of repulsive forces between charged phospholipid bilayers. Biochemistry 17:3163-3168 (1978)
[64]
Donose B C, Vakarelski I U, Higashitani K. Silica surface lubrication by hydrated cations adsorption from electrolyte solutions. Langmuir 21:1834-1839 (2005)
[65]
Perkin S, Chai L, Kampf N, Raviv U, Briscoe W, Dunlop I, Titmuss S, Seo M, Kumacheva E, Klein J. Forces between mica surfaces, prepared in different ways, across aqueous and non-aqueous liquids confined to molecularly thin films. Langmuir 22:6142-6152 (2006)
[66]
Perkin S, Goldberg R, Chai L, Kampf N, Klein J. Dynamics of confined hydration layers. Faraday Discussions 141:399-413 (2009)
[67]
Sakuma H, Otsuki K, Kurihara K. Viscosity and lubricity of aqueous NaCl solution confined between mica surfaces studied by shear pesonance measurement. Phys Rev Lett 96:046104 (2006)
[68]
Chai L, Goldberg R, Kampf N, Klein J. Selective adsorption of poly(ethylene oxide) onto a charged surface mediated by alkali-metal ions. Langmuir 24:1570-1576 (2008)
[69]
Li J, Zhang C, Luo J. Superlubricity behavior with phosphoric acid-water network induced by rubbing. Langmuir 27:9413-9417 (2011)
[70]
Li J J, Zhang C H, Ma L R, Liu Y H, Luo J B. Superlubricity achieved with mixtures of acids and glycerol. Langmuir 29:271-275 (2013)
[71]
Li J J, Zhang C H, Sun L, Liu Y H, Luo J B. Tribochemistry and superlubricity induced by hydrogen ions. Langmuir 28:15816-15823 (2012)
[72]
Chai L, Klein J. Large area, molecularly smooth (0.2 nm rms) gold films for surface forces and other studies. Langmuir 23:7777-7783 (2007)
[73]
Chai L, Klein J. Interactions between molecularly-smooth gold and mica surfaces across aqueous solutions. Langmuir 25:11533-11540 (2009)
[74]
Raviv U, Giasson S, Gohy J-F, Jerome R, Klein J. Normal and frictional forces between surfaces bearing polyelectrolyte brushes. Langmuir 24:8678-8687 (2008)
[75]
Mueller M T, Yan X, Lee S, Perry S S, Spencer N D. Preferential solvation and its effect on the lubrication properties of a surface-bound, brushlike copolymer. Macromolecules 38:3861-3866 (2005)
[76]
Raviv U, Frey J, Sak R, Laurat P, Tadmor R, Klein J. Properties and interactions of physigrafted end-functionalized poly (ethylene glycol) layers. Langmuir 18:7482-7495 (2002)
[77]
Kampf N, Raviv U, Klein J. Normal and shear forces between adsorbed and gelled layers of chitosan, a naturally occurring cationic polyelectrolyte. Macromolecules 37:1134-1142 (2004)
[78]
Harvey N M, Yakubov G E, Stokes J R, Klein J. Normal and shear forces between surfaces bearing porcine gastric mucin, a high-molecular-weight glycoprotein. Biomacromolecules 12:1041-1050 (2011)
[79]
Chen M, Briscoe W H, Armes S P, Cohen H, Klein J. Robust, biomimetic polymer brush layers grown directly from a planar mica surface. ChemPhysChem 8:1303-1306 (2007)
[80]
Chen M, Briscoe W H, Cohen H, Armes S P, Klein J. Polyzwitterionic brushes: extreme lubrication by design. European Polymer Journal 47:511-523 (2011)
[81]
Disalvo E A, Lairion F, Martini F, Almaleck H. Water in biological membranes at interfaces: Does it play a functional role? J Argent Chem Soc 92:1-22 (2004)
[82]
Ishihara K, Nomura H, Mihara T, Kurita K, Iwasaki Y, Nakabayashi N. Why do phospholipid polymers reduce protein adsorption? J Biomed Mater Res 39:323-330 (1998)
DOI
[83]
Lis L J, McAlister M, Fuller N, Rand R P, Parsegian V A. Interactions between neutral phospholipid-bilayer membranes. Biophysical J 37:657-665 (1982)
[84]
Nagle J F, Zhang R, Tristram-Nagle S, Sun W, Petrache H I, Suter R M. X-ray structure determination of fully hydrated L alpha phase dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine bilayers. Biophysical J 70:1419-1431 (1996)
[85]
Pabst G, Rappolt M, Amenitsch H, Laggner P. Structural information from multilamellar liposomes at full hydration: Full q-range fitting with high quality x-ray data. Phys Rev E 62:4000-4009 (2000)
[86]
Yaseen M, Lu J R. The structure of zwitterionic phosphocholine surfactant monolayers. Langmuir 22:5825-5832 (2006)
[87]
Moro T, Moro T, Takatori Y, Ishihara K, Konno T, Takigawa Y, Matsushita T, Chung U I, Nakamura K, Kawaguchi H. Surface grafting of artificial joints with a biocompatible polymer for preventing periprosthetic osteolysis. Nature Materials 3:829-836 (2004)
[88]
Rappolt M, Pabst G, Amenitsch H, Laggner P. Salt-induced phase separation in the liquid crystalline phase of phosphatidylcholines. Colloids and Surfaces A-Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 183-185:171-181 (2001)
[89]
Kobayashi M, Terada M, Takahara A. Polyelectrolyte brushes: A novel stable lubrication system in aqueous conditions. Faraday Discuss 156:403-412 (2012)
[90]
Kobayashi M, Terayama Y, Hosaka N, Kaido M, Suzuki A, Yamada N, Torikai N, Ishihara K, Takahara A. Friction behavior of high-density poly (2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine) brush in aqueous media. Soft Matter 3:740-746 (2007)
[91]
Briscoe W H, Klein J. Friction and adhesion hysteresis between surfactant monolayers in water. The Journal of Adhesion 83:705-722 (2007)
[92]
Busutttil K, Nikogeorgos N, Zhang Z, Geoghegan M, Hunter C A, Leggett G J. The mechanics of nanometre- scale molecular contacts. Faraday Discuss. 156:325-341 (2012)
[93]
Briscoe B J, Evans D C B. The shear properties of Langmuir-Blodgett layers. Proc Roy Soc Lond A 380:389-407 (1982)
[94]
Silbert G, Kampf N, Perkin S, Klein J. Time dependence of interactions between a surfactant-coated substrate and a uniformly charged surface. Langmuir 48:16029-16037 (2012)
[95]
Corneci M-C, Dekkiche F, Trunfio-Sfarghiu A-M, Meurisse M-H, Berthier Y, Rieu J-P. Tribological properties of fluid phase phospholipid bilayers. Tribology International 44:1959-1968 (2011)
[96]
Trunfio-Sfarghiu A-M, Berthier Y, Meurisse M-H, Rieu J-P. Role of nanomechanical properties in the tribological performance of phospholipid biomimetic surfaces. Langmuir 24:8765-8771 (2008)
[97]
Immordino M L, Dosio F, Cattel L. Stealth liposomes: Review of the basic science, rationale, and clinical applications. International J of Nanomedicine 1:297-315 (2006)
[98]
Lasic D D, Needham D. The "stealth" liposome: a prototypical biomaterial. Chemical Reviews 95:2601-2628 (1995)
[99]
Goldberg R, Schroeder A, Barenholz Y, Klein J. Interactions between adsorbed hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine (HSPC) vesicles at physiologically- high pressures and salt concentrations. Biophysical J. 100:2403-2411 (2011)
[100]
Dowson D. Bio-tribology. Faraday Discuss 156:9-30 (2012)
[101]
Klein J. Molecular mechanisms of synovial joint lubrication. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part J, Journal of Engineering Tribology 220:691-710 (2006)
[102]
Afoke N Y P, Byers P D, Hutton W C. Contact pressures in the human hip joint. J Bone Joint Surgery 69B:536-541 (1987)
[103]
Hodge W A, Fujant R S, Carlsont K L, Burgesst R G, Harris W H, Manntt R W. Contact pressures in the human hip joint measured in vivo. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 83:2879-2883 (1986)
[104]
Linn F C. Lubrication of animal joints. II: The mechanism. J Biomech. 1:193-205 (1968)
[105]
Little T, Freeman M, Swanson A. Experiments on friction in the human hip joint. In Lubrication and Wear in Joints. Wright V, Ed. London: Sector Publishing, 1969: 110-116.
[106]
Wright V, Dowson D. Lubrication and cartilage. J Anat 121:107-118 (1976)
[107]
Crocket R, Roos S, Rossbach P, Dora C, Born W, Troxler H. Imaging of the surface of human and bovine articular cartilage with ESEM and AFM. Tribol Lett 19:311-317 (2005)
[108]
Jay G D. Characterization of a bovine synovial fluid lubricating factor: III. The interaction with hyaluronic acid. Conn Tiss Res 28:245-255 (1992)
[109]
Jay G D, Haberstroh K, Cha C-J. Comparison of the boundary-lubricating ability of bovine synovial fluid, lubricin and Healon. J Biomed Mater Res 40:414-418 (1998)
DOI
[110]
Jay G D, Harris D A, Cha C-J. Boundary lubrication by lubricin is mediated by O-linked beta(1-3) Gal-GalNAc oligosaccharides. Glcoconjugate J 18:807-815 (2001)
[111]
Swann D, Bloch K J, Swindell D, Shore E. The lubricating activity of human synovial fluids. Arthritis and Rheumatism 27:552-556 (1984)
[112]
Swann D, Silver F H, Slayter H S, Stafford W, E Shore. The molecular structure and lubricating ability of lubricin isolated from bovine and human synovial fluids. Biochem J 225:195-201 (1985)
[113]
Benz M, Chen N, Israelachvili J. Lubrication and wear properties of grafted polyelectrolytes, hyaluronan and hylan, measured in the surface forces apparatus. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part A 71A:6-15 (2004)
[114]
Coles J M, Chang D P, Zauscher S. Molecular mechanisms of aqueous boundary lubrication by mucinous glycoproteins. Current Opinion in Colloid and Interface Science 15:406-416 (2010)
[115]
Tadmor R, Chen N H, Israelachvili J N. Thin film rheology and lubricity of hyaluronic acid solutions at a normal physiological concentration. Journal of Biomedical Materials Research 61:514-523 (2002)
[116]
Zappone B, Ruths M, Greene G W, Jay G D, Israelachvili J N. Adsorption, lubrication and wear of lubricin on model surfaces: Polymer brush-like behaviour of a glycoprotein. Biophys J 92:1693-1708 (2007)
[117]
Han L, Dean D M, Ortiz C, Grodzinsky A J. Lateral nanomechanics of cartilage aggrecan macromolecules. Biophys J 92:1384-1398 (2007)
[118]
Wright V. Lubrication and wear in joints. London: Sector Publishing, 1969.
[119]
Maroudas A. Hyaluronic acid films. In: lubrication and wear in living and artificial human joints. Proc Inst Mech Eng 181:122-124 (1967)
[120]
Rutjes A W, Jüni P, da Costa B R, Trelle S, Nüesch E, Reichenbach S. Viscosupplementation for osteoarthritis of the knee: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 157:180-191 (2012)
[121]
Seror J, Merkher Y, Kampf N, Collinson L, Day A J, Maroudas A, Klein J. Articular cartilage proteoglycans as boundary lubricants: Structure and frictional interaction of surface-attached hyaluronan and hyaluronan-aggrecan complexes. Biomacromolecules 12:3432-3443 (2011)
[122]
Seror J, Merkher Y, Kampf N, Collinson L, Day A J, Maroudas A, Klein J. Normal and shear interactions between hyaluronan-aggrecan complexes mimicking possible boundary lubricants in articular cartilage in synovial joints. Biomacromolecules 13:3823-3832 (2012)
[123]
Hills B A. Boundary lubrication in vivo. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H - J Engineering in Medicine 214:83-94 (2000)
[124]
Hills B A. Surface active phospholipid: A Pandora's box of clinical applications. II: Barrier and lubricating properties. Internal Medicine J 32:242-251 (2002)
[125]
Hills B A, Butler B D. Surfacants identified in synovial fluid and their ability to act as boundary lubricants. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 43:641-648 (1984)
[126]
Hills B A, Jay G D. Identity of the joint lubricant. J Rheumatology 29:200-201 (2002)
[127]
Williams P F III, Powell G L, LaBerge M. Sliding friction analysis of phosphatidylcholine as a boundary lubricant for articular cartilage. Proc Inst Mech Eng Part H - J Engineering in Medicine 207:59-66 (1993)
[128]
Bartlett P N. General discussion. Faraday Discuss 156:203-222 (2012)
[129]
Goldberg R, Chai L, Perkin S, Kampf N, Klein J. Breakdown of hydration repulsion between charged surfaces in aqueous Cs+ solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 10:4939-4945 (2008)
[130]
Goldberg R, Klein J. Liposomes as lubricants: Beyond drug delivery. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 165:374-381 (2012)
[131]
Pashley R M, Israelachvili J N. DLVO and hydration forces between mica surfaces in Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+ and Ba2+ chloride solutions. J Colloid Interface Sci 97:446-455 (1984)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 28 November 2012
Revised: 21 January 2013
Accepted: 25 January 2013
Published: 26 March 2013
Issue date: March 2013

Copyright

© The author(s) 2013

Acknowledgements

I thank my students, post-docs, collaborators and colleagues, both past and present, too numerous to list here by name, for their contributions to the work described in this review. I thank the European Research Council (Advanced Grant HydrationLube), the McCutchen Foundation, the Israel Science Foundation, the Ministry of Trade and Industry (Israel) and the Weizmann-UK Research Program (supported by Weizmann Friends in the UK) for their support of this work.

Rights and permissions

This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com

Open Access: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distri- bution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.

Return