Journal Home > Volume 10 , Issue 2

High-thermally conductive AlN-based microwave attenuating composite ceramics with spherical graphite (SG) as the attenuating agent were fabricated through hot-pressing sintering. The SG maintains its three-dimensional (3D) morphology within the sintered bodies, which considerably impedes the sintering of the composites to some extent but slightly influences on the growth of AlN grains. The addition of SG reduces the strength of the composites, but provides a moderate toughening effect at the optimal addition amount (3.8 MPa·m1/2 at 4 wt% SG). Benefiting from the low anisotropy, high thermal conductivity, and the 3D morphology of SG, the composites exhibit a relatively higher thermal conductivity (76.82 W·m-1·K-1 at 10 wt% SG) compared with composites added with non-spherical attenuating agent. The dielectric constant and loss (8.2-12.4 GHz) increase remarkably as the amount of SG added increases up to 8 wt%, revealing that the incorporation of SG improves the dielectric property of the composite. The composite with 7 wt% SG exhibits the best absorption performance with a minimum reflection loss of -13.9 dB at 12.4 GHz and an effective absorbing bandwidth of 0.87 GHz. The excellent overall properties of the SG/AlN microwave attenuating composites render them as a promising material for various applications. Moreover, SG has a great potential as an attenuating agent for microwave attenuating composites due to its strong attenuation upon integration, high thermal conductivity, and low anisotropy.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

High-thermally conductive AlN-based microwave attenuating composite ceramics with spherical graphite as attenuating agent

Show Author's information Xia FANGa,bLei JIANGa,bLimei PANa,bShuang YINa,bTai QIUa,bJian YANGa,b( )
Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Inorganic Function Composites, Nanjing 211816, China
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing 211816, China

Abstract

High-thermally conductive AlN-based microwave attenuating composite ceramics with spherical graphite (SG) as the attenuating agent were fabricated through hot-pressing sintering. The SG maintains its three-dimensional (3D) morphology within the sintered bodies, which considerably impedes the sintering of the composites to some extent but slightly influences on the growth of AlN grains. The addition of SG reduces the strength of the composites, but provides a moderate toughening effect at the optimal addition amount (3.8 MPa·m1/2 at 4 wt% SG). Benefiting from the low anisotropy, high thermal conductivity, and the 3D morphology of SG, the composites exhibit a relatively higher thermal conductivity (76.82 W·m-1·K-1 at 10 wt% SG) compared with composites added with non-spherical attenuating agent. The dielectric constant and loss (8.2-12.4 GHz) increase remarkably as the amount of SG added increases up to 8 wt%, revealing that the incorporation of SG improves the dielectric property of the composite. The composite with 7 wt% SG exhibits the best absorption performance with a minimum reflection loss of -13.9 dB at 12.4 GHz and an effective absorbing bandwidth of 0.87 GHz. The excellent overall properties of the SG/AlN microwave attenuating composites render them as a promising material for various applications. Moreover, SG has a great potential as an attenuating agent for microwave attenuating composites due to its strong attenuation upon integration, high thermal conductivity, and low anisotropy.

Keywords: thermal conductivity, spherical graphite (SG), aluminum nitride, dielectric property, microwave absorption

References(72)

[1]
XR Zang, YP Lu. Preparation and dielectric properties at high frequency of AlN-based composited ceramic. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 2020, 31: 2826-2832.
[2]
CF Chen, ME Perisse, AF Ramirez, et al. Effect of grain boundary phase on the thermal conductivity of aluminium nitride ceramics. J Mater Sci 1994, 29: 1595-1600.
[3]
B Mikijelj, DK Abe, R Hutcheon. AlN-based lossy ceramics for high average power microwave devices: Performance-property correlation. J Eur Ceram Soc 2003, 23: 2705-2709.
[4]
JP Calame, DK Abe, B Levush, et al. Variable temperature measurements of the complex dielectric permittivity of lossy AlN-SiC composites from 26.5-40 GHz. J Appl Phys 2001, 89: 5618-5621.
[5]
YM Chen, L Pang, Y Li, et al. Ultra-thin and highly flexible cellulose nanofiber/silver nanowire conductive paper for effective electromagnetic interference shielding. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2020, 135: 105960.
[6]
M Green, XB Chen. Recent progress of nanomaterials for microwave absorption. J Materiomics 2019, 5: 503-541.
[7]
ING Simsek, A Nistal, E García, et al. The effect of graphene nanoplatelets on the thermal and electrical properties of aluminum nitride ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2017, 37: 3721-3729.
[8]
C Yun, YB Feng, T Qiu, et al. Mechanical, electrical, and thermal properties of graphene nanosheet/aluminum nitride composites. Ceram Int 2015, 41: 8643-8649.
[9]
A Chakravarty, R Singh, S Roy, et al. Aluminum nitride-single walled carbon nanotube nanocomposite with superior electrical and thermal conductivities. J Am Ceram Soc 2017, 100: 3360-3364.
[10]
JL Gu, LL Sang, B Pan, et al. Thermal conductivity and high-frequency dielectric properties of pressureless sintered SiC-AlN multiphase ceramics. Materials 2018, 11: 969.
[11]
PW Li, CB Wang, HX Liu, et al. Structural, thermal and dielectric properties of AlN-SiC composites fabricated by plasma activated sintering. Adv Appl Ceram 2019, 118: 313-320.
[12]
DD Min. Enhanced microwave absorption performance of double-layer absorbers containing BaFe12O19 ferrite and graphite nanosheet composites. J Electron Mater 2020, 49: 819-825.
[13]
R Meng, T Zhang, HJ Yu, et al. A facile coprecipitation method to synthesize FexOy/Fe decorated graphite sheets with enhanced microwave absorption properties. Nanotechnology 2019, 30: 185704.
[14]
J Qiu, TT Qiu. Fabrication and microwave absorption properties of magnetite nanoparticle-carbon nanotube-hollow carbon fiber composites. Carbon 2015, 81: 20-28.
[15]
KK Gupta, SM Abbas, AC Abhyankar. Carbon black/polyurethane nanocomposite-coated fabric for microwave attenuation in X & Ku-band (8-18 GHz) frequency range. J Ind Text 2016, 46: 510-529.
[16]
JB Kim, SK Lee, CG Kim. Comparison study on the effect of carbon nano materials for single-layer microwave absorbers in X-band. Compos Sci Technol 2008, 68: 2909-2916.
[17]
FB Meng, HG Wang, F Huang, et al. Graphene-based microwave absorbing composites: A review and prospective. Compos Part B: Eng 2018, 137: 260-277.
[18]
XJ Liao, W Ye, LL Chen, et al. Flexible hdC-G reinforced polyimide composites with high dielectric permittivity. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2017, 101: 50-58.
[19]
WH Xu, YC Ding, Y Yu, et al. Highly foldable PANi@CNTs/PU dielectric composites toward thin-film capacitor application. Mater Lett 2017, 192: 25-28.
[20]
HL Liang, CP Wang, YL Huo, et al. AlN/CNT composites ceramics by spark plasma sintering. Key Eng Mater 2014, 602-603: 570-573.
[21]
Y Shen, H Zhang, AM Yang, et al. Outgassing property of carbon nanotube cathode with intense pulsed emission. Acta Phys Sinica 2012, 61: 103-109. (in Chinese)
[22]
Y Shen, H Zhang, XG Liu, et al. Outgassing mass spectrum analysis with intense pulsed emission of carbon nanotube cathode. Acta Phys Sinica 2011, 60: 1-8. (in Chinese)
[23]
R Yin, YB Zhang, W Zhao, et al. Graphene platelets/aluminium nitride metacomposites with double percolation property of thermal and electrical conductivity. J Eur Ceram Soc 2018, 38: 4701-4706.
[24]
JK Chen, LM Wang, XC Gui, et al. Strong anisotropy in thermoelectric properties of CNT/PANI composites. Carbon 2017, 114: 1-7.
[25]
XY Zhang, ZQ Shi, X Zhang, et al. Three dimensional AlN skeleton-reinforced highly oriented graphite flake composites with excellent mechanical and thermophysical properties. Carbon 2018, 131: 94-101.
[26]
YZ Fan, HB Yang, MH Li, et al. Evaluation of the microwave absorption property of flake graphite. Mater Chem Phys 2009, 115: 696-698.
[27]
GM Yuan, XK Li, ZJ Dong, et al. Graphite blocks with preferred orientation and high thermal conductivity. Carbon 2012, 50: 175-182.
[28]
WG Zheng, SC Wong. Electrical conductivity and dielectric properties of PMMA/expanded graphite composites. Compos Sci Technol 2003, 63: 225-235.
[29]
FA He, S Lau, HL Chan, et al. High dielectric permittivity and low percolation threshold in nanocomposites based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) and exfoliated graphite nanoplates. Adv Mater 2009, 21: 710-715.
[30]
P Wang, LF Cheng, YN Zhang, et al. Electrospinning of graphite/SiC hybrid nanowires with tunable dielectric and microwave absorption characteristics. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2018, 104: 68-80.
[31]
YC Du, T Liu, B Yu, et al. The electromagnetic properties and microwave absorption of mesoporous carbon. Mater Chem Phys 2012, 135: 884-891.
[32]
G Torğut, F Biryan, K Demirelli. Effect of graphite particle fillers on dielectric and conductivity properties of poly(NIPAM-co-HEMA). Bull Mater Sci 2019, 42: 244.
[33]
MY Sun, YH Bai, MX Li, et al. Improved toughness and electromagnetic shielding-effectiveness for graphite-doped SiC ceramics with a net-like structure. J Eur Ceram Soc 2018, 38: 5271-5281.
[34]
Y Zhang, PG He, JK Yuan, et al. Effects of graphite on the mechanical and microwave absorption properties of geopolymer based composites. Ceram Int 2017, 43: 2325-2332.
[35]
J Kováčik, . Cross property connection between the electric and the thermal conductivities of copper graphite composites. Int J Eng Sci 2019, 144: 103130.
[36]
AG Marinopoulos, L Reining, V Olevano, et al. Anisotropy and interplane interactions in the dielectric response of graphite. Phys Rev Lett 2002, 89: 076402.
[37]
FK Zeng, C Xue, HB Ma, et al. High thermal conductivity and anisotropy values of aligned graphite flakes/copper foil composites. Materials 2019, 13: 46.
[38]
WJ Li, Y Liu, GH Wu. Preparation of graphite flakes/Al with preferred orientation and high thermal conductivity by squeeze casting. Carbon 2015, 95: 545-551.
[39]
M Yoshio, HY Wang, K Fukuda. Spherical carbon-coated natural graphite as a lithium-ion battery-anode material. Angew Chem Int Ed 2003, 42: 4203-4206.
[40]
YS Wu, YH Wang, YH Lee. Performance enhancement of spherical natural graphite by phenol resin in lithium ion batteries. J Alloys Compd 2006, 426: 218-222.
[41]
M Li, ZN Fang, SK Wang, et al. Thermal conductivity enhancement and heat transport mechanism of carbon fiber z-pin graphite composite structures. Compos Part B: Eng 2019, 172: 603-611.
[42]
D Huang, ZB Tian, W Cui, et al. Effects of Y2O3 and yttrium aluminates as sintering additives on the thermal conductivity of AlN ceramic substrates. Ceram Int 2018, 44: 20556-20559.
[43]
H Nakano, K Watari, H Hayashi, et al. Microstructural characterization of high-thermal-conductivity aluminum nitride ceramic. J Am Ceram Soc 2004, 85: 3093-3095.
[44]
V Narang, D Korakakis, MS Seehra. Electronic state of Er in sputtered AlN: Er films determined by magnetic measurements. J Appl Phys 2014, 116: 213911.
[45]
SH Jiang, JY Cheong, JS Nam, et al. High-density fibrous polyimide sponges with superior mechanical and thermal properties. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020, 12: 19006-19014.
[46]
F Wang, L Chen, HL Li, et al. N-doped honeycomb-like porous carbon towards high-performance supercapacitor. Chin Chem Lett 2020, 31: 1986-1990.
[47]
DF Yan, L Guo, C Xie, et al. N, P-dual doped carbon with trace Co and rich edge sites as highly efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction. Sci China Mater 2018, 61: 679-685.
[48]
CL Zhao, YX Wu, HL Liang, et al. N-doped graphene and TiO2 supported manganese and cerium oxides on low-temperature selective catalytic reduction of NOx with NH3. J Adv Ceram 2018, 7: 197-206.
[49]
SZ Zhou, GY Zhou, SH Jiang, et al. Flexible and refractory tantalum carbide-carbon electrospun nanofibers with high modulus and electric conductivity. Mater Lett 2017, 200: 97-100.
[50]
BY Kuang, WL Song, MQ Ning, et al. Chemical reduction dependent dielectric properties and dielectric loss mechanism of reduced graphene oxide. Carbon 2018, 127: 209-217.
[51]
JJ Yu, SW Liu, GG Duan, et al. Dense and thin coating of gel polymer electrolyte on sulfur cathode toward high performance Li-sulfur battery. Compos Commun 2020, 19: 239-245.
[52]
GG Duan, SW Liu, SH Jiang, et al. High-performance polyamide-imide films and electrospun aligned nanofibers from an amide-containing diamine. J Mater Sci 2019, 54: 6719-6727.
[53]
WS Cho, MW Cho, JH Lee, et al. Effects of h-BN additive on the microstructure and mechanical properties of AlN-based machinable ceramics. Mater Sci Eng: A 2006, 418: 61-67.
[54]
C Chen, LM Pan, XY Li, et al. Mechanical and thermal properties of graphene nanosheets/magnesia composites. Ceram Int 2017, 43: 10377-10385.
[55]
XL Wang, XB He, R Zhang, et al. Interface and properties of copper matrix composites reinforced with TiC coated spherical graphite. Mater Res Express 2019, 6: 116307.
[56]
KW Schlichting, NP Padture, PG Klemens. Thermal conductivity of dense and porous yttria-stabilized zirconia. J Mater Sci 2001, 36: 3003-3010.
[57]
M Landon, F Thevenot. Thermal conductivity of SiC-AlN ceramic materials. J Eur Ceram Soc 1991, 8: 271-277.
[58]
P Rutkowski, D Kata, K Jankowski, et al. Thermal properties of hot-pressed aluminum nitride-graphene composites. J Therm Anal Calorim 2016, 124: 93-100.
[59]
S Baskut, A Cinar, S Turan. Directional properties and microstructures of spark plasma sintered aluminum nitride containing graphene platelets. J Eur Ceram Soc 2017, 37: 3759-3772.
[60]
LL Ren, XL Zeng, R Sun, et al. Spray-assisted assembled spherical boron nitride as fillers for polymers with enhanced thermally conductivity. Chem Eng J 2019, 370: 166-175.
[61]
JJ Wang, XS Yi. Effects of interfacial thermal barrier resistance and particle shape and size on the thermal conductivity of AlN/PI composites. Compos Sci Technol 2004, 64: 1623-1628.
[62]
X Guo, YR Feng, X Lin, et al. The dielectric and microwave absorption properties of polymer-derived SiCN ceramics. J Eur Ceram Soc 2018, 38: 1327-1333.
[63]
L Zhou, S Cui, Y Zhai, et al. Dielectric and microwave absorption properties of plasma sprayed Cr/Al2O3 composite coatings. Ceram Int 2015, 41: 14908-14914.
[64]
W Li, XC Li, W Gong, et al. Construction of multiple heterogeneous interface and its effect on microwave absorption of SiBCN ceramics. Ceram Int 2020, 46: 7823-7832.
[65]
M Qin, D Lan, GL Wu, et al. Sodium citrate assisted hydrothermal synthesis of nickel cobaltate absorbers with tunable morphology and complex dielectric parameters toward efficient electromagnetic wave absorption. Appl Surf Sci 2020, 504: 144480.
[66]
L Long, JX Xu, H Luo, et al. Dielectric response and electromagnetic wave absorption of novel macroporous short carbon fibers/mullite composites. J Am Ceram Soc 2020, 103: 6869-6880.
[67]
JP Calame, DK Abe, B Levush, et al. Broadband complex dielectric permittivity of porous aluminum silicate-pyrolytic carbon composites. J Am Ceram Soc 2005, 88: 2133-2142.
[68]
XL Li, XW Yin, CQ Song, et al. Self-assembly core-shell graphene-bridged hollow MXenes spheres 3D foam with ultrahigh specific EM absorption performance. Adv Funct Mater 2018, 28: 1803938.
[69]
ZJ Yu, X Lv, KW Mao, et al. Role of in situ formed free carbon on electromagnetic absorption properties of polymer-derived SiC ceramics. J Adv Ceram 2020, 9: 617-628.
[70]
JL Liu, HS Liang, HJ Wu. Hierarchical flower-like Fe3O4/MoS2 composites for selective broadband electromagnetic wave absorption performance. Compos Part A: Appl Sci Manuf 2020, 130: 105760.
[71]
F Ye, LT Zhang, XW Yin, et al. Dielectric and microwave-absorption properties of SiC nanoparticle/SiBCN composite ceramics, J Eur Ceram Soc 2014, 34: 205-215.
[72]
ZC Lou, R Li, P Wang, et al. Phenolic foam-derived magnetic carbon foams (MCFs) with tunable electromagnetic wave absorption behavior. Chem Eng J 2020, 391: 123571.
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 21 August 2020
Revised: 24 November 2020
Accepted: 27 November 2020
Published: 01 March 2021
Issue date: April 2021

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2020

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (KYCX20_0990), Qing Lan Project, the Program for Changjiang Scholars, Innovative Research Team in University (IRT1146 and IRT15R35), and the Top-notch Academic Programs Project of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions (TAPP, PPZY2015B128).

Rights and permissions

This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Return