Journal Home > Volume 9 , Issue 2
Journal of Advanced Ceramics 2020, 9(2): 162-172 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-019-0356-y
Research Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 07 April 2020

Effects of calcination temperature and time on the Ca3Co4O9 purity when synthesized using starch-assisted sol–gel combustion method

Show Author's Information M. A. MOHAMMEDa,c,  M. B. UDAYa,b,  S. IZMANa( )
School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), UTM Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Institute for Vehicle Systems and Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
Department of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq
Keywords:
combustion method, sol–gel, calcium cobalt oxide, starch, crystallite size, crystallinity
Cite this article:
MOHAMMED MA, UDAY MB, IZMAN S. Effects of calcination temperature and time on the Ca3Co4O9 purity when synthesized using starch-assisted sol–gel combustion method. Journal of Advanced Ceramics, 2020, 9(2): 162-172. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40145-019-0356-y
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

920

Views

30

Downloads

Citations

13

Crossref

N/A

WoS

12

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

Ca3Co4O9 is a p-type semiconducting material that is well-known for its thermoelectric (TE), magnetic, electronic, and electro-optic properties. In this study, sol–gel autoignition was used to prepare Ca3Co4O9 at different calcination temperatures (773, 873, 973, and 1073 K) and time (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 h) using starch as a fuel. The phase and microstructure of the prepared Ca3Co4O9 powder were investigated. Thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis (TGA) confirms that the final weight loss occurred at 1073 K to form Ca3Co4O9 stable powder. The variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM) images show that the size of powder particles increases from 1.15 to 1.47 μm as calcination time increases from 4 to 12 h, and the size remains almost constant thereafter. A similar pattern is also observed on the increment of the crystallite size and percentage of crystallinity with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The highest crystallinity is found about 92.9% when the powder was calcinated at 1073 K for 12 and 14 h with 458 and 460 Å crystallite size, respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis demonstrates that the calcinated powder has a high intensity of Ca, Co, and O with uniform distribution. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images prove that there is no distinct lattice distortion defect on the crystal structure.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Effects of calcination temperature and time on the Ca3Co4O9 purity when synthesized using starch-assisted sol–gel combustion method

Show Author's information M. A. MOHAMMEDa,c, M. B. UDAYa,b, S. IZMANa( )
School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), UTM Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
Centre for Advanced Composite Materials (CACM), Institute for Vehicle Systems and Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, UTM Skudai 81310, Johor, Malaysia
Department of Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Basrah, Basrah, Iraq

Abstract

Ca3Co4O9 is a p-type semiconducting material that is well-known for its thermoelectric (TE), magnetic, electronic, and electro-optic properties. In this study, sol–gel autoignition was used to prepare Ca3Co4O9 at different calcination temperatures (773, 873, 973, and 1073 K) and time (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 h) using starch as a fuel. The phase and microstructure of the prepared Ca3Co4O9 powder were investigated. Thermogravimetry–differential thermal analysis (TGA) confirms that the final weight loss occurred at 1073 K to form Ca3Co4O9 stable powder. The variable-pressure scanning electron microscopy (VP-SEM) images show that the size of powder particles increases from 1.15 to 1.47 μm as calcination time increases from 4 to 12 h, and the size remains almost constant thereafter. A similar pattern is also observed on the increment of the crystallite size and percentage of crystallinity with X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis. The highest crystallinity is found about 92.9% when the powder was calcinated at 1073 K for 12 and 14 h with 458 and 460 Å crystallite size, respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) analysis demonstrates that the calcinated powder has a high intensity of Ca, Co, and O with uniform distribution. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images prove that there is no distinct lattice distortion defect on the crystal structure.

Keywords: combustion method, sol–gel, calcium cobalt oxide, starch, crystallite size, crystallinity

References(60)

[1]
KV Zakharchuk, DM Tobaldi, XX Xiao, et al. Synergistic effects of zirconium- and aluminum co-doping on the thermoelectric performance of zinc oxide. J Eur Ceram Soc 2019, 39: 1222-1229.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]
F Delorme, P Diaz-Chao, F Giovannelli. Effect of Ca substitution by Fe on the thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9 ceramics. J Electroceram 2018, 40: 107-114.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]
JS Cha, SM Choi, GH Kim, et al. High-temperature thermoelectric properties of Sm3+-doped Ca3Co4O9+δ fabricated by spark plasma sintering. Ceram Int 2018, 44: 6376-6383.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]
JW Seo, GH Kim, SM Choi, et al. High-temperature thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline CaMn1-Nb O3–δ. Ceram Int 2018, 44: 9204-9214.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]
R Funahashi, I Matsubara, H Ikuta, et al. An oxide single crystal with high thermoelectric performance in air. Jpn J Appl Phys 2000, 39: L1127-L1129.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]
B Paul, JL Schroeder, S Kerdsongpanya, et al. Mechanism of formation of the thermoelectric layered cobaltate Ca3Co4O9 by annealing of CaO-CoO thin films. Adv Electron Mater 2015, 1: 1400022.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]
S Chen, XY Song, XQ Chen, et al. Effect of precursor calcination temperature on the microstructure and thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9 ceramics. J Sol-Gel Sci Technol 2012, 64: 627-636.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]
MA Torres, FM Costa, D Flahaut, et al. Significant enhancement of the thermoelectric performance in Ca3Co4O9 thermoelectric materials through combined strontium substitution and hot-pressing process. J Eur Ceram Soc 2019, 39: 1186-1192.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]
U Hira, L Han, K Norrman, et al. High-temperature thermoelectric properties of Na- and W-doped Ca3Co4O9 system. RSC Adv 2018, 8: 12211-12221.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]
AC Masset, C Michel, A Maignan, et al. Misfit-layered cobaltite with an anisotropic giant magnetoresistance: Ca3Co4O9. Phys Rev B 2000, 62: 166.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]
Y Miyazaki, M Onoda, T Oku, et al. Modulated structure of the thermoelectric compound [Ca2CoO3]0.62CoO2. J Phys Soc Jpn 2002, 71: 491-497.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]
AK Królicka, M Piersa, A Mirowska, et al. Effect of sol-gel and solid-state synthesis techniques on structural, morphological and thermoelectric performance of Ca3Co4O9. Ceram Int 2018, 44: 13736-13743.
DOI Google Scholar
[13]
W Xu, S Butt, YC Zhu, et al. Nanoscale heterogeneity in thermoelectrics: The occurrence of phase separation in Fe-doped Ca3Co4O9. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016, 18: 14580-14587.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]
LS Panchakarla, L Lajaunie, A Ramasubramaniam, et al. Nanotubes from oxide-based misfit family: The case of calcium cobalt oxide. ACS Nano 2016, 10: 6248-6256.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]
N Prasoetsopha, S Pinitsoontorn, T Kamwanna, et al. Thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4–xGaxO9+δ prepared by thermal hydro-decomposition. J Electron Mater 2014, 43: 2064-2071.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]
K Miyazawa, F Amaral, AV Kovalevsky, et al. Hybrid microwave processing of Ca3Co4O9 thermoelectrics. Ceram Int 2016, 42: 9482-9487.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]
A Sotelo, S Rasekh, MA Madre, et al. Solution-based synthesis routes to thermoelectric Bi2Ca2Co1.7Ox. J Eur Ceram Soc 2011, 31: 1763-1769.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]
S Saini, HS Yaddanapudi, K Tian, et al. Terbium ion doping in Ca3Co4O9: A step towards high-performance thermoelectric materials. Sci Rep 2017, 7: 44621.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]
B Paul, J Lu, P Eklund. Nanostructural tailoring to induce flexibility in thermoelectric Ca3Co4O9 thin films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017, 9: 25308-25316.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]
G Constantinescu, S Rasekh, MA Torres, et al. Improvement of thermoelectric properties in Ca3Co4O9 ceramics by Ba doping. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 2015, 26: 3466-3473.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]
JC Diez, MA Torres, S Rasekh, et al. Enhancement of Ca3Co4O9 thermoelectric properties by Cr for Co substitution. Ceram Int 2013, 39: 6051-6056.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]
T Zhu, JM Zhou. Effect of Ho doping on the high- temperature thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9-based oxides. Adv Mater Res 2011, 228–229: 947-950.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]
K Vidyasagar, J Gopalakrishnan, CNR Rao. A convenient route for the synthesis of complex metal oxides employing solid-solution precursors. Inorg Chem 1984, 23: 1206-1210.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]
P Smaczyński, M Sopicka-Lizer, K Kozłowska, et al. Low temperature synthesis of calcium cobaltites in a solid state reaction. J Electroceram 2007, 18: 255-260.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]
S Bresch, B Mieller, C Selleng, et al. Influence of the calcination procedure on the thermoelectric properties of calcium cobaltite Ca3Co4O9. J Electroceram 2018, 40: 225-234.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]
GTK Fey, YD Cho, T Prem Kumar. A TEA-starch combustion method for the synthesis of fine-particulate LiMn2O4. Mater Chem Phys 2004, 87: 275-284.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]
J Xu, CP Wei, K Jia. Thermoelectric performance of textured Ca3−xYbxCo4O9−δ ceramics. J Alloys Compd 2010, 500: 227-230.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]
S Katsuyama, Y Takiguchi, M Ito. Synthesis of Ca3Co4O9 ceramics by polymerized complex and hydrothermal hot-pressing processes and the investigation of its thermoelectric properties. J Mater Sci 2008, 43: 3553-3559.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]
YF Zhang, JX Zhang, QM Lu, et al. Synthesis and characterization of Ca3Co4O9 nanoparticles by citrate sol-gel method. Mater Lett 2006, 60: 2443-2446.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]
M Presečnik, J de Boor, S Bernik. Synthesis of single- phase Ca3Co4O9 ceramics and their processing for a microstructure-enhanced thermoelectric performance. Ceram Int 2016, 42: 7315-7327.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]
K Park, DA Hakeem, JS Cha. Synthesis and structural properties of thermoelectric Ca3–xAgxCo4O9+δ powders. Dalton Trans 2016, 45: 6990-6997.
DOI Google Scholar
[32]
C Romo-De-la-cruz, L Liang, SAP Navia, et al. Role of oversized dopant potassium on the nanostructure and thermoelectric performance of calcium cobaltite ceramics. Sustainable Energy Fuels 2018, 2: 876-881.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]
F Kahraman, MA Madre, S Rasekh, et al. Enhancement of mechanical and thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9 by Ag addition. J Eur Ceram Soc 2015, 35: 3835-3841.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]
WC Yang, HJ Qian, JY Gan, et al. Effects of Lu and Ni substitution on thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9+δ. J Elec Mater 2016, 45: 4171-4176.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]
GD Tang, WC Yang, Y He, et al. Enhanced thermoelectric properties of Ca3Co4O9+δ by Ni, Ce co-doping. Ceram Int 2015, 41: 7115-7118.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]
S Butt, W Xu, WQ He, et al. Enhancement of thermoelectric performance in Cd-doped Ca3Co4O9 via spin entropy, defect chemistry and phonon scattering. J Mater Chem A 2014, 2: 19479-19487.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]
RS Yadav, J Havlica, M Hnatko, et al. Magnetic properties of Co1–xZnxFe2O4 spinel ferrite nanoparticles synthesized by starch-assisted sol–gel autocombustion method and its ball milling. J Magn Magn Mater 2015, 378: 190-199.
DOI Google Scholar
[38]
R Singh Yadav, J Havlica, J Masilko, et al. Effects of annealing temperature variation on the evolution of structural and magnetic properties of NiFe2O4 nanoparticles synthesized by starch-assisted sol–gel auto-combustion method. J Magn Magn Mater 2015, 394: 439-447.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]
A Motevalian, S Salem. Effect of glycine-starch mixing ratio on the structural characteristics of MgAl2O4 nano-particles synthesized by sol-gel combustion. Particuology 2016, 24: 108-112.
DOI Google Scholar
[40]
TT Dinh, TQ Nguyen, GC Quan, et al. Starch-assisted sol–gel synthesis of magnetic CuFe2O4 powder as photo-Fenton catalysts in the presence of oxalic acid. Int J Environ Sci Technol 2017, 14: 2613-2622.
DOI Google Scholar
[41]
F Ansari, A Sobhani, M Salavati-Niasari. Simple sol-gel synthesis and characterization of new CoTiO3/CoFe2O4 nanocomposite by using liquid glucose, maltose and starch as fuel, capping and reducing agents. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018, 514: 723-732.
DOI Google Scholar
[42]
A M M, I Sudin, A Mohd Noor, et al. Investigation on microstructure and electrical properties of Bi doping Ca3Co4O9 nanoparticles synthesized by sol-gel process. Int J Eng Technol 2018, 7: 31.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]
CD Ene, G Patrinoiu, C Munteanu, et al. Multifunctional ZnO materials prepared by a versatile green carbohydrate- assisted combustion method for environmental remediation applications. Ceram Int 2019, 45: 2295-2302.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]
D Visinescu, A Tirsoaga, G Patrinoiu, et al. Green synthetic strategies of oxide materials: Polysaccharides-assisted synthesis. Rev Roum Chim 2010, 55: 1017-1026.
Google Scholar
[45]
K Agilandeswari, A Ruban Kumar. Synthesis, characterization, temperature dependent electrical and magnetic properties of Ca3Co4O9 by a starch assisted sol–gel combustion method. J Magn Magn Mater 2014, 364: 117-124.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]
DB Zhang, BP Zhang, DS Ye, et al. Enhanced Al/Ni co-doping and power factor in textured ZnO thermoelectric ceramics prepared by hydrothermal synthesis and spark plasma sintering. J Alloys Compd 2016, 656: 784-792.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]
L Han, N van Nong, W Zhang, et al. Effects of morphology on the thermoelectric properties of Al-doped ZnO. RSC Adv 2014, 4: 12353.
DOI Google Scholar
[48]
A Khorsand Zak, WH Abd Majid, MR Mahmoudian, et al. Starch-stabilized synthesis of ZnO nanopowders at low temperature and optical properties study. Adv Powder Technol 2013, 24: 618-624.
DOI Google Scholar
[49]
K Ahmad, C Wan, MA Al-Eshaikh, et al. Enhanced thermoelectric performance of Bi2Te3 based graphene nanocomposites. Appl Surf Sci 2019, 474: 2-8.
DOI Google Scholar
[50]
HY Zhu, TC Su, HT Li, et al. Thermoelectric properties of BiCuSO doped with Pb. Solid State Commun 2018, 278: 1-5.
DOI Google Scholar
[51]
HB Yu, XP Wang, Y Li. Strong impact of cobalt distribution on the activity for Co3O4/CaCO3 catalyzing N2O decomposition. Catal Today 2020, 339: 274-280.
DOI Google Scholar
[52]
XL Qi, YY Fan, DS Zhu, et al. Fabrication and characterization of Ca3Co4O9 nanoparticles by sol-gel method. Rare Met 2011, 30: 111-115.
DOI Google Scholar
[53]
V Petříček, M Dušek, L Palatinus. Crystallographic computing system JANA2006: General features. Zeitschrift Für Kristallographie-Cryst Mater 2014, 229: 345-352.
DOI Google Scholar
[54]
S Lambert, H Leligny, D Grebille. Three forms of the misfit layered cobaltite [Ca2CoO3][CoO2]1.62·A 4D structural investigation. J Solid State Chem 2001, 160: 322-331.
DOI Google Scholar
[55]
R Asahi, J Sugiyama, T Tani. Electronic structure of misfit- layered calcium cobaltite. Phys Rev B 2002, 66: 155103.
DOI Google Scholar
[56]
D Grebille, S Lambert, F Bourée, et al. Contribution of powder diffraction for structure refinements of aperiodic misfit cobalt oxides. J Appl Cryst 2004, 37: 823-831.
DOI Google Scholar
[57]
S Rahnamaeiyan, R Talebi. Preparation and characterization of the bismuth aluminate nanoparticles via a green approach and its photocatalyst application. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 2016, 27: 304-309.
DOI Google Scholar
[58]
K Agilandeswari, AM Saral, AR Kumar. Magnetic, optical, microscopic and electrical behavior of Ca2−xYxCo2O5 prepared by a molten flux method. Mater Sci Semicond Process 2015, 34: 205-213.
DOI Google Scholar
[59]
S Rahnamaeiyan, R Talebi. Preparation and characterization of the bismuth aluminate nanoparticles via a green approach and its photocatalyst application. J Mater Sci: Mater Electron 2016, 27: 304-309.
DOI Google Scholar
[60]
KP Zhao, HZ Duan, N Raghavendra, et al. Solid-state explosive reaction for nanoporous bulk thermoelectric materials. Adv Mater 2017, 29: 1701148.
DOI Google Scholar
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements
Rights and permissions

Publication history

Received: 06 October 2019
Revised: 13 November 2019
Accepted: 27 November 2019
Published: 07 April 2020
Issue date: April 2020

Copyright

© The author(s) 2019

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE), School of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Institute for Vehicle Systems and Engineering and UTM Centre, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM), for Low Carbon Transport in cooperation with Imperial College London for providing the research facilities. This research study was supported by the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) for the FRGS Grant (R.J130000. 7824.4F723) and Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) research grant (Q.J130000.2524.17H83).

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made.

The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. 

To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

Return