Regulation of aqueous electrolyte interface via electrolyte strategies for uniform zinc deposition

Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs), renowned for their high theoretical energy density, safety, cost-effectiveness and eco-friendliness, offer immense potential in the realm of energy storage and conversion, finding applications in renewable energy and portable devices. However, the development of AZIBs still faces several challenges related to the electrochemical behavior of zinc anodes in aqueous electrolytes, primarily zinc dendrite formation, which emphasize the critical need for a fundamental understanding of the interfacial phenomena between the electrode and electrolyte. This review focuses on the three models: the electric double layer (EDL) model, the solvation structure model, and the Zn/electrolyte interface model. They guide the design of the electrolyte system in AZIBs. These models provide a comprehensive understanding of the interactions between the electrode, electrolyte, and the solvated ions in the system. By optimizing the salt types, salt concentrations, solvents and additives based on these models, it is possible to enhance the performance of AZIBs, including their energy density, cycle life, and safety. The review also highlights recent research progress in electrolyte modification of AZIBs for understanding battery behavior, along with perspectives for the direction of further investigations.