Mn-modified Nitrogen-doped Pt-based electrocatalyst for efficient oxygen reduction in aluminum–air batteries

In this study, a Mn-modified Pt-based catalyst loaded on nitrogen-doped Ketjen Black (Mn-Pt/NKB) is prepared using a simple ethylene glycol reduction method. The size of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) is effectively controlled by doping with Mn and N. With the smallest average particle size of 1.7 nm, Mn-Pt/NKB demonstrates half-wave potentials of 0.890 and 0.688 V in the alkaline and neutral electrolytes, respectively, which are superior to commercial Pt/C. When applied as an air cathode in aluminum-air battery, it exhibits ultra-high power densities of 190 (alkaline) and 26.2 mW·cm^-2 (neutral). Moreover, the voltage remains stable after 5 h of discharge. The practical application performance of the Mn-Pt/NKB catalyst in an aluminum–air battery is better than commercial Pt/C. Furthermore, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) mechanism on surfaces with different particle sizes is analyzed using density functional theory. The oxygen cracking is the major pathway on the surface of the small particles, with a lower energy consuming of 0.5 eV. Whereas water molecule cleavage is the major pathway on the surface of the large particles, with a higher energy consumption of 0.97 eV. The lower energy consumption of the oxygen cracking pathway further confirms the ORR mechanism for higher activity on small-sized surfaces. This study provides a direction for the rational design of Pt-based catalysts for the ORR and sheds light on the commercial development of aluminum-air batteries.