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Nano Research 2024, 17(2): 715-733 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6313-7
Review Article | Issue | Published: 04 December 2023

Structural engineered living materials

Show Author's Information Yang Geng,  Zian Jia,  Ling Li( )
635 Prices Fork Road, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg VA24061, USA
Keywords:
composites, mechanical properties, structural materials, structural ELMs, engineered living materials (ELMs)
Topics:
BiologyBiomaterials BiotechnologyManufacture
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Geng Y, Jia Z, Li L. Structural engineered living materials. Nano Research, 2024, 17(2): 715-733. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6313-7
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Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Biological structural materials not only exhibit remarkable mechanical properties but also often embody dynamic characteristics such as environmental responsiveness, autonomy, and self-healing, which are difficult to achieve in conventional engineering materials. By merging materials science, synthetic biology, and other disciplines, engineered living materials (ELMs) provide a promising solution to combine living organisms with abiotic components, thus facilitating the construction of functional “living” materials. Like natural materials, ELMs possess vitality and hold immense application potential in areas such as medicine, electronics, and construction, captivating increasing research attention recently. As an emerging branch of ELMs, structural ELMs aim to mimic living biological structural materials by achieving desired mechanical performance while maintaining important “living” characteristics. Here we summarize the recent progress and provide our perspectives for this emerging research area. We first summarize the superiority of structural ELMs by reviewing biological structural materials and biomimetic material design strategies. Subsequently, we provide a systematic discussion on the definition and classifications of structural ELMs, their mechanical performance, and physiological behaviors. Finally, we summarize some critical challenges faced by structural ELMs and highlight directions of future development. We hope this review article can provide a timely summary of the state of the art and relevant perspectives for future development of structural ELMs.


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Abstract
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Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Structural engineered living materials

Show Author's information Yang Geng, Zian Jia, Ling Li( )
635 Prices Fork Road, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg VA24061, USA

Abstract

Biological structural materials not only exhibit remarkable mechanical properties but also often embody dynamic characteristics such as environmental responsiveness, autonomy, and self-healing, which are difficult to achieve in conventional engineering materials. By merging materials science, synthetic biology, and other disciplines, engineered living materials (ELMs) provide a promising solution to combine living organisms with abiotic components, thus facilitating the construction of functional “living” materials. Like natural materials, ELMs possess vitality and hold immense application potential in areas such as medicine, electronics, and construction, captivating increasing research attention recently. As an emerging branch of ELMs, structural ELMs aim to mimic living biological structural materials by achieving desired mechanical performance while maintaining important “living” characteristics. Here we summarize the recent progress and provide our perspectives for this emerging research area. We first summarize the superiority of structural ELMs by reviewing biological structural materials and biomimetic material design strategies. Subsequently, we provide a systematic discussion on the definition and classifications of structural ELMs, their mechanical performance, and physiological behaviors. Finally, we summarize some critical challenges faced by structural ELMs and highlight directions of future development. We hope this review article can provide a timely summary of the state of the art and relevant perspectives for future development of structural ELMs.

Keywords: composites, mechanical properties, structural materials, structural ELMs, engineered living materials (ELMs)

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Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 26 June 2023
Revised: 31 October 2023
Accepted: 03 November 2023
Published: 04 December 2023
Issue date: February 2024

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press 2023

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

L. L. gratefully acknowledges the funding support from the National Science Foundation (No. DMR-1942865), the Air Force Office of Scientific Research (Nos. FA9550-19-1-0033 and FA9550-20-1-0161), and Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for this work.

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