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Nano Research 2024, 17(5): 4420-4427 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6278-6
Research Article | Issue | Published: 22 November 2023

A harmonic-wave bio-thermal method for continuous monitoring skin thermal conductivity and capillary perfusion rate

Show Author's Information Yuxin Ouyang1,§,  Jie Lin2,§,  Jiajing Pei3,  Rui Sui4,  Di Liu5( ),  Yanhui Feng1( ),  Lin Qiu1,§( )
School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China

§ Yuxin Ouyang, Jie Lin, and Lin Qiu contributed equally to this work.

Keywords:
thermal conductivity, blood perfusion rate, harmonic method, Pennes equation
Topics:
Nanosensors
Cite this article:
Ouyang Y, Lin J, Pei J, et al. A harmonic-wave bio-thermal method for continuous monitoring skin thermal conductivity and capillary perfusion rate. Nano Research, 2024, 17(5): 4420-4427. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6278-6
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Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

The revelation of thermal energy exchange mechanism of human body is challenging yet worthwhile, because it can clearly explain the changes in human symptoms and health status. Understanding, the heat transfer of the skin is significant because the skin is the foremost organ for the energy exchange between the human body and the environment. In order to diagnose the physiological conditions of human skin without causing any damage, it is necessary to use a non-invasive measurement technique by means of a conformal flexible sensor. The harmonic method can minimize the thermal-induced injury to the skin due to its low heat generating properties. A novel type of computational theory assessing skin thermal conductivity, blood perfusion rate of capillaries in the dermis, and superficial subcutaneous tissues was formed by combining the multi-medium thermal diffusion model and the bio-thermal model (Pennes equation). The skins of the hand back of six healthy subjects were measured. It was found that the results revealed no consistent changes in thermal conductivity were observed across genders and ages. The measured blood perfusion rates were within the range of human capillary flow. It was found that female subjects had a higher perfusion rate range (0.0058–0.0061 s−1) than male subjects (0.0032–0.0049 s−1), which is consistent with invasive medical studies about the gender difference in blood flow rates and stimulated effects in relaxation situations.


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Abstract
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Electronic supplementary material
About this article

A harmonic-wave bio-thermal method for continuous monitoring skin thermal conductivity and capillary perfusion rate

Show Author's information Yuxin Ouyang1,§, Jie Lin2,§, Jiajing Pei3, Rui Sui4, Di Liu5( ), Yanhui Feng1( ), Lin Qiu1,§( )
School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
Institute of Analysis and Testing, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100089, China

§ Yuxin Ouyang, Jie Lin, and Lin Qiu contributed equally to this work.

Abstract

The revelation of thermal energy exchange mechanism of human body is challenging yet worthwhile, because it can clearly explain the changes in human symptoms and health status. Understanding, the heat transfer of the skin is significant because the skin is the foremost organ for the energy exchange between the human body and the environment. In order to diagnose the physiological conditions of human skin without causing any damage, it is necessary to use a non-invasive measurement technique by means of a conformal flexible sensor. The harmonic method can minimize the thermal-induced injury to the skin due to its low heat generating properties. A novel type of computational theory assessing skin thermal conductivity, blood perfusion rate of capillaries in the dermis, and superficial subcutaneous tissues was formed by combining the multi-medium thermal diffusion model and the bio-thermal model (Pennes equation). The skins of the hand back of six healthy subjects were measured. It was found that the results revealed no consistent changes in thermal conductivity were observed across genders and ages. The measured blood perfusion rates were within the range of human capillary flow. It was found that female subjects had a higher perfusion rate range (0.0058–0.0061 s−1) than male subjects (0.0032–0.0049 s−1), which is consistent with invasive medical studies about the gender difference in blood flow rates and stimulated effects in relaxation situations.

Keywords: thermal conductivity, blood perfusion rate, harmonic method, Pennes equation

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Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 06 October 2023
Revised: 17 October 2023
Accepted: 18 October 2023
Published: 22 November 2023
Issue date: May 2024

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press 2023

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work received financial support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52222602 and 52201261), Beijing Nova Program (No. 20220484170), Ningbo 3315 Innovative Teams Program (No. 2019A-14-C), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Nos. FRF-TP-22-001C1 and FRF-EYIT-23-05).

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