Journal Home > Volume 17 , Issue 4
Nano Research 2024, 17(4): 3035-3042 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6103-2
Research Article | Issue | Published: 13 September 2023

Complementary multicolor electrochromic devices with excellent stability based on porous tin oxide nanosheet scaffold

Show Author's Information Chenchen Bian,  Jinhui Wang,  Huanhuan Liu,  Yin Yan,  Ping Zhang,  Weilong Yang,  Sensen Jia,  Xiaodan Guo,  Guofa Cai( )
Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China
Keywords:
tin oxide, cycling stability, metal oxide, electrochromism, multicolor complementary device
Topics:
Optoelectronic devicesSemiconductor devices
Cite this article:
Bian C, Wang J, Liu H, et al. Complementary multicolor electrochromic devices with excellent stability based on porous tin oxide nanosheet scaffold. Nano Research, 2024, 17(4): 3035-3042. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6103-2
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

694

Views

116

Downloads

Citations

2

Crossref

3

WoS

2

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been extensively investigated as promising candidates in broad cutting-edge applications, such as smart windows, electronic labels, adaptive camouflage, etc. However, they have suffered from either inadequate color variations or poor cycling stability for a long time. Herein, we developed a general strategy to boost the cyclic stability and enrich the color variations of ECDs by scrupulous design of the composition and nanostructure of electrodes, in which porous tin oxide (SnO2) nanosheets serve as the scaffold and typical metal oxides or conducting polymers as the active electrochromic materials. Various electrochromic composite materials, including polyaniline (PANI)@SnO2, V2O5@SnO2, and WO3@SnO2 heterostructured nanoarrays were prepared by the facile wet-chemical method. These composite electrodes exhibit remarkable electrochromic performances, e.g., superior cycling stability (more than 2000 cycles), rich color variations (more than 5 colors for PANI@SnO2), and enlarged optical modulation. These excellent performances account for the heterogenous porous nanoarrays, which not only facilitate the intercalation/extraction of ions but also relieve the stress generated during the electrochemical process. In addition, diverse prototypes of complementary multicolor ECD with excellent cycling stability (over thousands of cycles) and rich color variations (8 colors) were realized for the first time. We believe that our work put forward a general strategy for developing high-quality multicolor complementary electrochromic devices.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Complementary multicolor electrochromic devices with excellent stability based on porous tin oxide nanosheet scaffold

Show Author's information Chenchen Bian, Jinhui Wang, Huanhuan Liu, Yin Yan, Ping Zhang, Weilong Yang, Sensen Jia, Xiaodan Guo, Guofa Cai( )
Key Laboratory for Special Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center for High-Efficiency Display and Lighting Technology, School of Materials and Engineering, and Collaborative Innovation Center of Nano Functional Materials and Applications, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, China

Abstract

Electrochromic devices (ECDs) have been extensively investigated as promising candidates in broad cutting-edge applications, such as smart windows, electronic labels, adaptive camouflage, etc. However, they have suffered from either inadequate color variations or poor cycling stability for a long time. Herein, we developed a general strategy to boost the cyclic stability and enrich the color variations of ECDs by scrupulous design of the composition and nanostructure of electrodes, in which porous tin oxide (SnO2) nanosheets serve as the scaffold and typical metal oxides or conducting polymers as the active electrochromic materials. Various electrochromic composite materials, including polyaniline (PANI)@SnO2, V2O5@SnO2, and WO3@SnO2 heterostructured nanoarrays were prepared by the facile wet-chemical method. These composite electrodes exhibit remarkable electrochromic performances, e.g., superior cycling stability (more than 2000 cycles), rich color variations (more than 5 colors for PANI@SnO2), and enlarged optical modulation. These excellent performances account for the heterogenous porous nanoarrays, which not only facilitate the intercalation/extraction of ions but also relieve the stress generated during the electrochemical process. In addition, diverse prototypes of complementary multicolor ECD with excellent cycling stability (over thousands of cycles) and rich color variations (8 colors) were realized for the first time. We believe that our work put forward a general strategy for developing high-quality multicolor complementary electrochromic devices.

Keywords: tin oxide, cycling stability, metal oxide, electrochromism, multicolor complementary device

References(60)

[1]

Wang, Y. Y.; Wang, S.; Wang, X. J.; Zhang, W. R.; Zheng, W. X.; Zhang, Y. M.; Zhang, S. X. A. A multicolour bistable electronic shelf label based on intramolecular proton-coupled electron transfer. Nat. Mater. 2019, 18, 1335–1342.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]

Sui, C.; Pu, J. K.; Chen, T. H.; Liang, J. W.; Lai, Y. T.; Rao, Y. F.; Wu, R. H.; Han, Y.; Wang, K. Y.; Li, X. Q. et al. Dynamic electrochromism for all-season radiative thermoregulation. Nat. Sustain. 2023, 6, 428–437.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]

Jiang, J. X.; Qin, L. Q.; Halim, J.; Persson, P. O. Å.; Hou, L. T.; Rosen, J. Colorless-to-colorful switching of electrochromic MXene by reversible ion insertion. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 3587–3593.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]
Huang, Y.; Wang, B. S.; Lyu, P.; Zhao, S. M.; Wu, X. K.; Zhang, S. L.; Li, R.; Jiang, Q. Y.; Wang, F.; Zhao, Y. L. et al. Oxygen-deficient tungsten oxide nanoflowers for dynamically tunable near-infrared light transmittance of smart windows. Nano Res., in press, DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5600-7.
[5]

Chen, M. J.; Zhang, X.; Yan, D. K.; Deng, J. B.; Sun, W. H.; Li, Z. T.; Xiao, Y. J.; Ding, Z. M.; Zhao, J. P.; Li, Y. Oxygen vacancy modulated amorphous tungsten oxide films for fast-switching and ultra-stable dual-band electrochromic energy storage smart windows. Mater. Horiz. 2023, 10, 2191–2203.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]

Runnerstrom, E. L.; Llordés, A.; Lounis, S. D.; Milliron, D. J. Nanostructured electrochromic smart windows: Traditional materials and NIR-selective plasmonic nanocrystals. Chem. Commun. 2014, 50, 10555–10572.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]

Gu, C.; Jia, A. B.; Zhang, Y. M.; Zhang, S. X. A. Emerging electrochromic materials and devices for future displays. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 14679–14721.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]

Rao, T. K.; Zhou, Y. L.; Jiang, J.; Yang, P.; Liao, W. G. Low dimensional transition metal oxide towards advanced electrochromic devices. Nano Energy 2022, 100, 107479.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]

Xia, X. H.; Tu, J. P.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Wang, X. L.; Gu, C. D.; Zhao, X. B.; Fan, H. J. High-quality metal oxide core/shell nanowire arrays on conductive substrates for electrochemical energy storage. ACS Nano 2012, 6, 5531–5538.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]

Koo, B. R.; Jo, M. H.; Kim, K. H.; Ahn, H. J. Multifunctional electrochromic energy storage devices by chemical cross-linking: Impact of a WO3·H2O nanoparticle-embedded chitosan thin film on amorphous WO3 films. NPG Asia Mater. 2020, 12, 10.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]
Wu, X. L.; Fan, Q. C.; Bai, Z. Y.; Zhang, Q. H.; Jiang, W. Z.; Li, Y. G.; Hou, C. Y.; Li, K. R.; Wang, H. Z. Synergistic interaction of dual-polymer networks containing viologens-anchored poly(ionic liquid)s enabling long-life and large-area electrochromic organogels. Small, in press, DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301742.
[12]

Vergaz, R.; Barrios, D.; Sánchez-Pena, J. M.; Pozo-Gonzalo, C.; Salsamendi, M. Relating cyclic voltammetry and impedance analysis in a viologen electrochromic device. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2009, 93, 2125–2132.
DOI Google Scholar
[13]

Singh, S. B.; Tran, D. T.; Jeong, K. U.; Kim, N. H.; Lee, J. H. A flexible and transparent zinc-nanofiber network electrode for wearable electrochromic, rechargeable Zn-ion battery. Small 2022, 18, 2104462.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]

Cho, S. I.; Kwon, W. J.; Choi, S. J.; Kim, P.; Park, S. A.; Kim, J.; Son, S. J.; Xiao, R.; Kim, S. H.; Lee, S. B. Nanotube-based ultrafast electrochromic display. Adv. Mater. 2005, 17, 171–175.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]

Zhang, D. S.; Wang, J. X.; Tong, Z. F.; Ji, H. B.; Qu, H. Y. Bioinspired dynamically switchable PANI/PS-b-P2VP thin films for multicolored electrochromic displays with long-term durability. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2106577.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]

Liu, Y. W.; Cao, S.; Liang, Y.; Han, X. X.; Yang, T.; Zeng, R. S.; Zhao, J. L.; Zou, B. S. Robust and swiftly multicolor Zn2+-electrochromic devices based on polyaniline cathode. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2022, 238, 111616.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]

Zhou, K. L.; Wang, H.; Jiu, J. T.; Liu, J. B.; Yan, H.; Suganuma, K. Polyaniline films with modified nanostructure for bifunctional flexible multicolor electrochromic and supercapacitor applications. Chem. Eng. J. 2018, 345, 290–299.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]

Zhao, W. X.; Wang, J. Y.; Tam, B.; Pei, P.; Li, F. Z.; Xie, A.; Cheng, W. Macroporous vanadium oxide ion storage films enable fast switching speed and high cycling stability of electrochromic devices. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 30021–30028.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]

Wang, B. S.; Huang, Y.; Han, Y.; Zhang, W. S.; Zhou, C. H.; Jiang, Q. Y.; Chen, F. X.; Wu, X. K.; Li, R.; Lyu, P. et al. A facile strategy to construct Au@VxO2x+1 nanoflowers as a multicolor electrochromic material for adaptive camouflage. Nano Lett. 2022, 22, 3713–3720.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]

Tong, Z. Q.; Liu, S. K.; Li, X. G.; Ding, Y. B.; Zhao, J. P.; Li, Y. Facile and controllable construction of vanadium pentoxide@conducting polymer core/shell nanostructures and their thickness-dependent synergistic energy storage properties. Electrochim. Acta 2016, 222, 194–202.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]

Scherer, M. R. J.; Li, L.; Cunha, P. M. S.; Scherman, O. A.; Steiner, U. Enhanced electrochromism in gyroid-structured vanadium pentoxide. Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 1217–1221.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]

Xia, X. H.; Chao, D. L.; Qi, X. Y.; Xiong, Q. Q.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Tu, J. P.; Zhang, H.; Fan, H. J. Controllable growth of conducting polymers shell for constructing high-quality organic/inorganic core/shell nanostructures and their optical-electrochemical properties. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 4562–4568.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]

Ma, D. Y.; Shi, G. Y.; Wang, H. Z.; Zhang, Q. H.; Li, Y. G. Controllable growth of high-quality metal oxide/conducting polymer hierarchical nanoarrays with outstanding electrochromic properties and solar-heat shielding ability. J. Mater. Chem. A 2014, 2, 13541–13549.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]

Zhang, S. L.; Peng, Y. T.; Zhao, J.; Fan, Z. J.; Ding, B.; Lee, J. Y.; Zhang, X. G.; Xuan, Y. M. Amorphous and porous tungsten oxide films for fast-switching dual-band electrochromic smart windows. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2023, 11, 2202115.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]

Klein, J.; Hein, A.; Bold, E.; Alarslan, F.; Oesterschulze, E.; Haase, M. Intercalation-free, fast switching of mesoporous antimony doped tin oxide with cathodically coloring electrochromic dyes. Nanoscale Adv. 2022, 4, 2144–2152.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]

Cai, G. F.; Cui, M. Q.; Kumar, V.; Darmawan, P.; Wang, J. X.; Wang, X.; Eh, A. L. S.; Qian, K.; Lee, P. S. Ultra-large optical modulation of electrochromic porous WO3 film and the local monitoring of redox activity. Chem. Sci. 2016, 7, 1373–1382.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]

Wei, D.; Scherer, M. R. J.; Bower, C.; Andrew, P.; Ryhänen, T.; Steiner, U. A nanostructured electrochromic supercapacitor. Nano Lett. 2012, 12, 1857–1862.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]

Tong, Z. Q.; Li, N.; Lv, H. M.; Tian, Y. L.; Qu, H. Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhao, J. P.; Li, Y. Annealing synthesis of coralline V2O5 nanorod architecture for multicolor energy-efficient electrochromic device. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2016, 146, 135–143.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]

Tong, Z. Q.; Hao, J.; Zhang, K.; Zhao, J. P.; Su, B. L.; Li, Y. Improved electrochromic performance and lithium diffusion coefficient in three-dimensionally ordered macroporous V2O5 films. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014, 2, 3651–3658.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]

Liu, B. J. W.; Zheng, J.; Wang, J. L.; Xu, J.; Li, H. H.; Yu, S. H. Ultrathin W18O49 nanowire assemblies for electrochromic devices. Nano Lett. 2013, 13, 3589–3593.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]

Ariga, K. Nanoarchitectonics: What's coming next after nanotechnology. Nanoscale Horiz. 2021, 6, 364–378.
DOI Google Scholar
[32]

Chen, Z.; Augustyn, V.; Wen, J.; Zhang, Y. W.; Shen, M. Q.; Dunn, B.; Lu, Y. F. High-performance supercapacitors based on intertwined CNT/V2O5 nanowire nanocomposites. Adv. Mater. 2011, 23, 791–795.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]

Liu, Y. N.; Jia, C. Y.; Wan, Z. Q.; Weng, X. L.; Xie, J. L.; Deng, L. J. Electrochemical and electrochromic properties of novel nanoporous NiO/V2O5 hybrid film. Sol. Energy Mater. Sol. Cells 2015, 132, 467–475.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]

Zhu, J. H.; Wei, S. Y.; Alexander, M. Jr.; Dang, T. D.; Ho, T. C.; Guo, Z. Enhanced electrical switching and electrochromic properties of poly(p-phenylenebenzobisthiazole) thin films embedded with nano-WO3. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2010, 20, 3076–3084.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]

Reddy, G. V. A.; Naveen Kumar, K.; Shaik, H.; Shetty, H. D.; Imran Jafri, R.; Abdul Sattar, S.; Kamath, K.; Doreswamy, B. H. Growth of cerium oxide nanorods by hydrothermal method and electrochromic properties of CeO2/WO3 hybrid thin films for smart window applications. Mater. Today Proc. 2023, 80, 833–839.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]

Chen, Z. W.; Pan, D. Y.; Li, Z.; Jiao, Z.; Wu, M. H.; Shek, C. H.; Wu, C. M. L.; Lai, J. K. L. Recent advances in tin dioxide materials: Some developments in thin films, nanowires, and nanorods. Chem. Rev. 2014, 114, 7442–7486.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]

Wang, H. K.; Rogach, A. L. Hierarchical SnO2 nanostructures: Recent advances in design, synthesis, and applications. Chem. Mater. 2014, 26, 123–133.
DOI Google Scholar
[38]

Sun, Y. Q.; Chemelewski, W. D.; Berglund, S. P.; Li, C.; He, H. C.; Shi, G. Q.; Mullins, C. B. Antimony-doped tin oxide nanorods as a transparent conducting electrode for enhancing photoelectrochemical oxidation of water by hematite. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2014, 6, 5494–5499.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]

Klein, J.; Alarslan, F.; Steinhart, M.; Haase, M. Cerium-modified mesoporous antimony doped tin oxide as intercalation-free charge storage layers for electrochromic devices. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2023, 33, 2210167.
DOI Google Scholar
[40]

Zhang, L.; Wu, H. B.; Lou, X. W. Growth of SnO2 nanosheet arrays on various conductive substrates as integrated electrodes for lithium-ion batteries. Mater. Horiz. 2014, 1, 133–138.
DOI Google Scholar
[41]

Dong, W. J.; Xu, J. J.; Wang, C.; Lu, Y.; Liu, X. Y.; Wang, X.; Yuan, X. T.; Wang, Z.; Lin, T. Q.; Sui, M. L. et al. A robust and conductive black tin oxide nanostructure makes efficient lithium-ion batteries possible. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1700136.
DOI Google Scholar
[42]

Wu, H. B.; Chen, J. S.; Lou, X. W.; Hng, H. H. Synthesis of SnO2 hierarchical structures assembled from nanosheets and their lithium storage properties. J. Phys. Chem. C 2011, 115, 24605–24610.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]

Song, J. S.; Liu, H. P.; Pu, W. H.; Lu, Y.; Si, Z. X.; Zhang, Z. Y.; Ge, Y.; Li, N. X.; Zhou, H. P.; Xiao, W. et al. Thermal instability originating from the interface between organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites and oxide electron transport layers. Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 4836–4849.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]

Liu, Q.; Qin, M. C.; Ke, W. J.; Zheng, X. L.; Chen, Z.; Qin, P. L.; Xiong, L. B.; Lei, H. W.; Wan, J. W.; Wen, J. et al. Enhanced stability of perovskite solar cells with low-temperature hydrothermally grown SnO2 electron transport layers. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2016, 26, 6069–6075.
DOI Google Scholar
[45]

Li, Z. P.; Wang, L.; Liu, R. R.; Fan, Y. P.; Meng, H. G.; Shao, Z. P.; Cui, G. L.; Pang, S. P. Spontaneous interface ion exchange: Passivating surface defects of perovskite solar cells with enhanced photovoltage. Adv. Energy Mater. 2019, 9, 1902142.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]

Wu, X. Y.; Zheng, Y. T.; Liang, J. H.; Zhang, Z. F.; Tian, C. C.; Zhang, Z. A.; Hu, Y. X.; Sun, A. X.; Wang, C. Y.; Wang, J. L. et al. Green-solvent-processed formamidinium-based perovskite solar cells with uniform grain growth and strengthened interfacial contact via a nanostructured tin oxide layer. Mater. Horiz. 2023, 10, 122–135.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]

Lv, Y. H.; Wang, P.; Cai, B.; Ma, Q. S.; Zheng, X. J.; Wu, Y. H.; Jiang, Q. K.; Liu, J. Y.; Zhang, W. H. Facile fabrication of SnO2 nanorod arrays films as electron transporting layer for perovskite solar cells. Sol. RRL 2018, 2, 1800133.
DOI Google Scholar
[48]

Nguyen, T. D.; Yeo, L. P.; Kei, T. C.; Mandler, D.; Magdassi, S.; Tok, A. I. Y. Efficient near infrared modulation with high visible transparency using SnO2-WO3 nanostructure for advanced smart windows. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2019, 7, 1801389.
DOI Google Scholar
[49]

Cai, G. F.; Tu, J. P.; Zhou, D.; Zhang, J. H.; Xiong, Q. Q.; Zhao, X. Y.; Wang, X. L.; Gu, C. D. Multicolor electrochromic film based on TiO2@Polyaniline core/shell nanorod array. J. Phys. Chem. C 2013, 117, 15967–15975.
DOI Google Scholar
[50]

Vujković, M. J.; Etinski, M.; Vasić, B.; Kuzmanović, B.; Bajuk-Bogdanović, D.; Dominko, R.; Mentus, S. Polyaniline as a charge storage material in an aqueous aluminum-based electrolyte: Can aluminum ions play the role of protons. J. Power Sources 2021, 482, 228937.
DOI Google Scholar
[51]

Dewan, A.; Narayanan, R.; Thotiyl, M. O. A multi-chromic supercapacitor of high coloration efficiency integrating a MOF-derived V2O5 electrode. Nanoscale 2022, 14, 17372–17384.
DOI Google Scholar
[52]

Zhang, J.; Tu, J. P.; Zhang, D.; Qiao, Y. Q.; Xia, X. H.; Wang, X. L.; Gu, C. D. Multicolor electrochromic polyaniline-WO3 hybrid thin films: One-pot molecular assembling synthesis. J. Mater. Chem. 2011, 21, 17316–17324.
DOI Google Scholar
[53]

Wang, Q. K.; Cao, S.; Meng, Q. C.; Wang, K.; Yang, T.; Zhao, J. L.; Zou, B. S. Robust and stable dual-band electrochromic smart window with multicolor tunability. Mater. Horiz. 2023, 10, 960–966.
DOI Google Scholar
[54]

Fang, W. C. Synthesis and electrochemical characterization of vanadium oxide/carbon nanotube composites for supercapacitors. J. Phys. Chem. C 2008, 112, 11552–11555.
DOI Google Scholar
[55]

Hu, C. L.; Li, L.; Zhou, J.; Li, B. W.; Zhao, S. G.; Zou, C. W. Enhanced contrast of WO3-based smart windows by continuous Li-ion insertion and metal electroplating. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2022, 14, 32253–32260.
DOI Google Scholar
[56]

Wei, W.; Li, Z. Y.; Guo, Z. P.; Li, Y. H.; Hou, F. M.; Guo, W.; Wei, A. An electrochromic window based on hierarchical amorphous WO3/SnO2 nanoflake arrays with boosted NIR modulation. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 571, 151277.
DOI Google Scholar
[57]

Zhang, W.; Li, H. Z.; Yu, W. W.; Elezzabi, A. Y. Transparent inorganic multicolour displays enabled by zinc-based electrochromic devices. Light Sci. Appl. 2020, 9, 121.
DOI Google Scholar
[58]

Tong, Z. Q.; Kang, T. X.; Wan, Y. P.; Yang, R.; Wu, Y.; Shen, D.; Liu, S. H.; Tang, Y. B.; Lee, C. S. A Ca-ion electrochromic battery via a water-in-salt electrolyte. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2104639.
DOI Google Scholar
[59]

Zhang, J. H.; Tu, J. P.; Zhou, D.; Tang, H.; Li, L.; Wang, X. L.; Gu, C. D. Hierarchical SnO2@NiO core/shell nanoflake arrays as energy-saving electrochromic materials. J. Mater. Chem. C 2014, 2, 10409–10417.
DOI Google Scholar
[60]

Chiou, N. R.; Lu, C. M.; Guan, J. J.; Lee, L. J.; Epstein, A. J. Growth and alignment of polyaniline nanofibres with superhydrophobic, superhydrophilic and other properties. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2007, 2, 354–357.
DOI Google Scholar
File
12274_2023_6103_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (989.2 KB)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 07 July 2023
Revised: 01 August 2023
Accepted: 16 August 2023
Published: 13 September 2023
Issue date: April 2024

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press 2023

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 62222402, U2004175, and 51902086). The authors would like to acknowledge R. Xiao, R. Xu, and the Analysis and Testing Center of School of Life Sciences, Henan University for the microscopy work.

Return