Bioinspired strategies for biomimetic actuators from ultrafast to ultraslow

Motile plant tissues can control their configurations and regulate their motion speed according to their specific requirements, which offer various protypes for biomimetic actuators with controlled motion speed. In this perspective, we focus on the speed control of plant tissues and the bioinspired strategies for speed regulation of artificial actuators. We begin with a summary to the strategies and mechanisms of motile plant tissues for controlling motion speed, ranging from ultrafast to ultraslow. We then exemplify the models for fabricating bioinspired artificial actuators and briefly discuss current application scenarios of actuators with varying speeds from ultrafast to ultraslow. Finally, we propose potential strategies for the speed regulation of actuators.