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Research Article

An advanced 2D/3D g-C3N4/TiO2@MnO2 multifunctional membrane for sunlight-driven sustainable water purification

Fan Yu1Chunjia Luo1,2( )Xiaohan Niu1Min Chao1Pengfei Zhang3( )Luke Yan1( )
Polymer Materials & Engineering Department, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment, MOE, Chang’an University, Xi’an 710064, China
School of Textile Science and Engineering, Xi’an Polytechnic University, Xi’an 710064, China
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Graphical Abstract

An advanced two-/three-dimensional (2D/3D) graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4)-C3N4/TiO2@MnO2 membrane with both oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions separation, photocatalytic degradation, and self-cleaning capabilities was constructed by intercalating 3D nanostructures into g-C3N4 nanosheets. This work overcomes the barriers of dense stacking and single function of 2D g-C3N4 membranes and shows promising application in complex wastewater purification.

Abstract

Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) nanosheets have attracted widespread interest in the construction of advanced separation membranes. However, dense stacking and a single functionality have limited the membrane development. Here, an advanced two-/three-dimensional (2D/3D) g-C3N4/TiO2@MnO2 membrane is constructed by intercalating 3D TiO2@MnO2 nanostructures into g-C3N4 nanosheets. The 3D flower-like nanostructures broaden the transport channels of the composite membrane. The membrane can effectively separate five oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, with a maximum flux of 3265.67 ± 15.01 L·m−2·h−1·bar−1 and a maximum efficiency of 99.69% ± 0.45% for toluene-in-water emulsion (T/W). Meanwhile, the TiO2@MnO2 acts as an excellent electron acceptor and provides positive spatial separation of electrons–holes (e–h+). The formation of 2D/3D heterojunctions allows the material with wider light absorption and smaller bandgap (2.10 eV). These photoelectric properties give the membrane good degradation of three different pollutants, with about 100% degradation for methylene blue (MB) and malachite green (MG). The photocatalytic antibacterial efficiency of the membrane is also about 100%. After cyclic experiment, the membrane maintains its original separation and photocatalytic capabilities. The remarkable multifunctional and self-cleaning properties of the g-C3N4 based membrane represent its potential value for complex wastewater treatment.

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Nano Research
Pages 2368-2380
Cite this article:
Yu F, Luo C, Niu X, et al. An advanced 2D/3D g-C3N4/TiO2@MnO2 multifunctional membrane for sunlight-driven sustainable water purification. Nano Research, 2024, 17(4): 2368-2380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-6071-6
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Received: 23 June 2023
Revised: 06 August 2023
Accepted: 07 August 2023
Published: 12 September 2023
© Tsinghua University Press 2023
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