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Nano Research 2024, 17(3): 1760-1771 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5978-2
Research Article | Issue | Published: 14 August 2023

Dynamically crosslinked nanocapsules for the efficient and serum-resistant cytosolic protein delivery

Show Author's Information Qiang Yang1,§,  Ningyu Liu1,§,  Ziyin Zhao1,  Xun Liu2( ),  Lichen Yin1( )
Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China

§ Qiang Yang and Ningyu Liu contributed equally to this work.

Keywords:
nanocapsules, genome editing, dynamic crosslinking, cytosolic protein delivery, serum resistance, antitumor therapy
Topics:
Nano biology
Cite this article:
Yang Q, Liu N, Zhao Z, et al. Dynamically crosslinked nanocapsules for the efficient and serum-resistant cytosolic protein delivery. Nano Research, 2024, 17(3): 1760-1771. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5978-2
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Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

Intracellular protein delivery is critical to the development of protein-based biopharmaceuticals and therapies. However, current delivery vectors often suffer from complicated syntheses, low generality among various proteins, and insufficient serum stability. Herein, we developed an enlightened cytosolic protein delivery strategy by dynamically crosslinking epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine (PEI 1.8k), and 2-acetylphenylboric acid (2-APBA) on the protein surface, hence forming the EPP-protein nanocapsules (NCs). EGCG enhanced protein encapsulation via hydrogen bonding, and reduced the positive charge density of PEI to endow the NCs with high serum tolerance, thereby enabling effective cellular internalization in serum. The formation of reversible imine and boronate ester among 2-APBA, EGCG, and PEI 1.8k allowed acid-triggered dissociation of EPP-protein NCs in the endolysosomes, which triggered efficient intracellular release of the native proteins. Such strategy therefore showed high efficiency and universality for diversities of proteins with different molecular weights and isoelectric points, including enzyme, toxin, antibody, and CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP), outperforming the commercial protein transduction reagent PULSin and RNP transfection reagent lipofectamine CMAX. Moreover, intravenously (i.v.) injected EPP-saporin NCs efficiently delivered saporin into 4T1 tumor cells to provoke robust antitumor effect. This simple, versatile, and robust cytosolic protein delivery system holds translational potentials for the development of protein-based therapeutics.


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Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Dynamically crosslinked nanocapsules for the efficient and serum-resistant cytosolic protein delivery

Show Author's information Qiang Yang1,§, Ningyu Liu1,§, Ziyin Zhao1, Xun Liu2( ), Lichen Yin1( )
Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215004, China

§ Qiang Yang and Ningyu Liu contributed equally to this work.

Abstract

Intracellular protein delivery is critical to the development of protein-based biopharmaceuticals and therapies. However, current delivery vectors often suffer from complicated syntheses, low generality among various proteins, and insufficient serum stability. Herein, we developed an enlightened cytosolic protein delivery strategy by dynamically crosslinking epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), low-molecular-weight polyethylenimine (PEI 1.8k), and 2-acetylphenylboric acid (2-APBA) on the protein surface, hence forming the EPP-protein nanocapsules (NCs). EGCG enhanced protein encapsulation via hydrogen bonding, and reduced the positive charge density of PEI to endow the NCs with high serum tolerance, thereby enabling effective cellular internalization in serum. The formation of reversible imine and boronate ester among 2-APBA, EGCG, and PEI 1.8k allowed acid-triggered dissociation of EPP-protein NCs in the endolysosomes, which triggered efficient intracellular release of the native proteins. Such strategy therefore showed high efficiency and universality for diversities of proteins with different molecular weights and isoelectric points, including enzyme, toxin, antibody, and CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas9 ribonucleoprotein (RNP), outperforming the commercial protein transduction reagent PULSin and RNP transfection reagent lipofectamine CMAX. Moreover, intravenously (i.v.) injected EPP-saporin NCs efficiently delivered saporin into 4T1 tumor cells to provoke robust antitumor effect. This simple, versatile, and robust cytosolic protein delivery system holds translational potentials for the development of protein-based therapeutics.

Keywords: nanocapsules, genome editing, dynamic crosslinking, cytosolic protein delivery, serum resistance, antitumor therapy

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Publication history
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Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 09 May 2023
Revised: 02 July 2023
Accepted: 03 July 2023
Published: 14 August 2023
Issue date: March 2024

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press 2023

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Jiangsu Province (No. BK20220245), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 52273144 and 82241008), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science & Technology, the 111 project, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Nanotechnology and Biomedicine, and Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices.

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