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Nano Research 2024, 17(3): 1288-1312 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5889-2
Review Article | Open Access | Issue | Published: 06 July 2023

Achieving high-performance sodium metal anodes: From structural design to reaction kinetic improvement

Show Author's Information Jing Xu1( ),  Jianhao Yang1,  Yashuang Qiu1,  Yang Jin1,  Tianyi Wang2( ),  Bing Sun3( ),  Guoxiu Wang3( )
Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
Keywords:
reaction kinetics, interface engineering, sodium metal anodes, current collector design, sodium deposition processes
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Batteries
Cite this article:
Xu J, Yang J, Qiu Y, et al. Achieving high-performance sodium metal anodes: From structural design to reaction kinetic improvement. Nano Research, 2024, 17(3): 1288-1312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5889-2
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Abstract Full text About this article

Sodium metal is one of the ideal anodes for high-performance rechargeable batteries because of its high specific capacity (~ 1166 mAh·g−1), low reduction potential (−2.71 V compared to standard hydrogen electrodes), and low cost. However, the unstable solid electrolyte interphase, uncontrolled dendrite growth, and inevitable volume expansion hinder the practical application of sodium metal anodes. At present, many strategies have been developed to achieve stable sodium metal anodes. Here, we systematically summarize the latest strategies adopted in interface engineering, current collector design, and the emerging methods to improve the reaction kinetics of sodium deposition processes. First, the strategies of constructing protective layers are reviewed, including inorganic, organic, and mixed protective layers through electrolyte additives or pretreatments. Then, the classification of metal-based, carbon-based, and composite porous frames is discussed, including their function in reducing local deposition current density and the effect of introducing sodiophilic sites. Third, the recent progress of alloys, nanoparticles, and single atoms in improving Na deposition kinetics is systematically reviewed. Finally, the future research direction and the prospect of high-performance sodium metal batteries are proposed.


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About this article

Achieving high-performance sodium metal anodes: From structural design to reaction kinetic improvement

Show Author's information Jing Xu1( ), Jianhao Yang1, Yashuang Qiu1, Yang Jin1, Tianyi Wang2( ), Bing Sun3( ), Guoxiu Wang3( )
Research Center of Grid Energy Storage and Battery Application, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
Centre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia

Abstract

Sodium metal is one of the ideal anodes for high-performance rechargeable batteries because of its high specific capacity (~ 1166 mAh·g−1), low reduction potential (−2.71 V compared to standard hydrogen electrodes), and low cost. However, the unstable solid electrolyte interphase, uncontrolled dendrite growth, and inevitable volume expansion hinder the practical application of sodium metal anodes. At present, many strategies have been developed to achieve stable sodium metal anodes. Here, we systematically summarize the latest strategies adopted in interface engineering, current collector design, and the emerging methods to improve the reaction kinetics of sodium deposition processes. First, the strategies of constructing protective layers are reviewed, including inorganic, organic, and mixed protective layers through electrolyte additives or pretreatments. Then, the classification of metal-based, carbon-based, and composite porous frames is discussed, including their function in reducing local deposition current density and the effect of introducing sodiophilic sites. Third, the recent progress of alloys, nanoparticles, and single atoms in improving Na deposition kinetics is systematically reviewed. Finally, the future research direction and the prospect of high-performance sodium metal batteries are proposed.

Keywords: reaction kinetics, interface engineering, sodium metal anodes, current collector design, sodium deposition processes

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Publication history
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Acknowledgements
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Publication history

Received: 27 April 2023
Revised: 30 May 2023
Accepted: 02 June 2023
Published: 06 July 2023
Issue date: March 2024

Copyright

© The Author(s) 2023

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

J. X. acknowledges financial supports from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 52002358), high-level talent internationalization training project of Henan province, and scientific and technological activities of Henan Province for scholars with overseas study experience (No. 002004025). G. X. W. and B. S. would like to thank the support of the Australian Research Council (ARC) through the ARC Discovery Project (No. DP210101389) and ARC Future Fellowship (No. FT220100561).

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Copyright: © 2023 by the author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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