Journal Home > Volume 17 , Issue 1
Nano Research 2024, 17(1): 97-111 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5848-y
Review Article | Issue | Published: 24 July 2023

Lanthanide-based microlasers: Synthesis, structures, and biomedical applications

Show Author's Information Qian Zhang1,  Yawei Liu2,3( ),  Kai Liu1,2,3( ),  Hongjie Zhang1,2,3
Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
Xiangfu Laboratory, Jiaxing 314102, China
Keywords:
upconversion nanoparticles, biological applications, microlasers, lanthanide-based luminescent materials
Topics:
LuminescenceManufacture
Cite this article:
Zhang Q, Liu Y, Liu K, et al. Lanthanide-based microlasers: Synthesis, structures, and biomedical applications. Nano Research, 2024, 17(1): 97-111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5848-y
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

1210

Views

208

Downloads

Citations

2

Crossref

2

WoS

2

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text About this article

The large size of lasers limits their applications in confined spaces, such as in biosensing and in vivo brain tissue imaging. In this regard, micron-sized lasers have been developed. They exhibit great potential for biological detecting, remote sensing, and depth tracking due to their small sizes, sensitive properties of their spectral fingerprints, and flexible positional modulation in the microenvironment. Lanthanide-based luminescent materials that possess long excited-state lifetime, narrow emission bandwidth, and upconversion behaviors are promising as gain mediums for novel microlasers. In addition, lanthanide-based microlasers could be generated under natural ambient conditions with pumped or continuous light sources, which significantly promotes the practical applications of microlasers. Recent progress in the design, synthesis, and biomedical applications of lanthanide-based microlasers has been outlined in this review. Lanthanide ions doped and upconverted lanthanide-based microlasers are highlighted, which exhibit advantageous structures, miniaturized dimensions, and high lasing performance. The applications of lanthanide-based microlasers are further discussed, the upconverted microlasers show great advantages for biological applications owing to their tunable excitation and emission characteristics and excellent environmental stability. Moreover, perspectives and challenges in the field of lanthanide-based microlasers are presented.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
About this article

Lanthanide-based microlasers: Synthesis, structures, and biomedical applications

Show Author's information Qian Zhang1, Yawei Liu2,3( ), Kai Liu1,2,3( ), Hongjie Zhang1,2,3
Engineering Research Center of Advanced Rare Earth Materials (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
Xiangfu Laboratory, Jiaxing 314102, China

Abstract

The large size of lasers limits their applications in confined spaces, such as in biosensing and in vivo brain tissue imaging. In this regard, micron-sized lasers have been developed. They exhibit great potential for biological detecting, remote sensing, and depth tracking due to their small sizes, sensitive properties of their spectral fingerprints, and flexible positional modulation in the microenvironment. Lanthanide-based luminescent materials that possess long excited-state lifetime, narrow emission bandwidth, and upconversion behaviors are promising as gain mediums for novel microlasers. In addition, lanthanide-based microlasers could be generated under natural ambient conditions with pumped or continuous light sources, which significantly promotes the practical applications of microlasers. Recent progress in the design, synthesis, and biomedical applications of lanthanide-based microlasers has been outlined in this review. Lanthanide ions doped and upconverted lanthanide-based microlasers are highlighted, which exhibit advantageous structures, miniaturized dimensions, and high lasing performance. The applications of lanthanide-based microlasers are further discussed, the upconverted microlasers show great advantages for biological applications owing to their tunable excitation and emission characteristics and excellent environmental stability. Moreover, perspectives and challenges in the field of lanthanide-based microlasers are presented.

Keywords: upconversion nanoparticles, biological applications, microlasers, lanthanide-based luminescent materials

References(114)

[1]

Miao, P.; Zhang, Z. F.; Sun, J. B.; Walasik, W.; Longhi, S.; Litchinitser, N. M.; Feng, L. Orbital angular momentum microlaser. Science 2016, 353, 464–467.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]

Zhang, P. J.; Ji, Q. X.; Cao, Q. T.; Wang, H. M.; Liu, W. J.; Gong, Q. H.; Xiao, Y. F. Single-mode characteristic of a supermode microcavity Raman laser. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2021, 118, e2101605118.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]

Wang, C. L.; Gong, C. Y.; Zhang, Y. F.; Qiao, Z.; Yuan, Z. Y.; Gong, Y.; Chang, G. E.; Tu, W. C.; Chen, Y. C. Programmable rainbow-colored optofluidic fiber laser encoded with topologically structured chiral droplets. ACS Nano 2021, 15, 11126–11136.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]

Papič, M.; Mur, U.; Zuhail, K. P.; Ravnik, M.; Muševič, I.; Humar, M. Topological liquid crystal superstructures as structured light lasers. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2021, 118, e2110839118.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]

Zhang, Z. F.; Zhao, H. Q.; Wu, S.; Wu, T. W.; Qiao, X. D.; Gao, Z. H.; Agarwal, R.; Longhi, S.; Litchinitser, N. M.; Ge, L. et al. Spin-orbit microlaser emitting in a four-dimensional Hilbert space. Nature 2022, 612, 246–251.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]

Duan, R.; Zhang, Z. T.; Xiao, L.; Zhao, X. X.; Thung, Y. T.; Ding, L.; Liu, Z.; Yang, J.; Ta, V. D.; Sun, H. D. Ultralow-threshold and high-quality whispering-gallery-mode lasing from colloidal core/hybrid-shell quantum wells. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2108884.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]

Kim, Y.; Assali, S.; Burt, D.; Jung, Y.; Joo, H. J.; Chen, M.; Ikonic, Z.; Moutanabbir, O.; Nam, D. Enhanced GeSn microdisk lasers directly released on Si. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2022, 10, 2101213.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]

Li, Q. G.; Rao, H.; Ma, X. Z.; Mei, H. J.; Zhao, Z. T.; Gong, W. P.; Camposeo, A.; Pisignano, D.; Yang, X. G. Unusual red light emission from nonmetallic Cu2Te microdisk for laser and SERS applications. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2022, 10, 2101976.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]

Su, J.; Goldberg, A. F. G.; Stoltz, B. M. Label-free detection of single nanoparticles and biological molecules using microtoroid optical resonators. Light Sci. Appl. 2016, 5, e16001.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]

Diez, I.; Krysa, A.; Luxmoore, I. J. Inverse design of whispering-gallery nanolasers with tailored beam shape and polarization. ACS Photonics 2023, 10, 968–976.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]

Fikouras, A. H.; Schubert, M.; Karl, M.; Kumar, J. D.; Powis, S. J.; Di Falco, A.; Gather, M. C. Non-obstructive intracellular nanolasers. Nat. Commun. 2018, 9, 4817.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]

Guo, Z. H.; Qin, Y. C.; Chen, P. Z.; Hu, J. L.; Zhou, Y.; Zhao, X. Y.; Liu, Z. R.; Fei, Y. Y.; Jiang, X. S.; Wu, X. Hyperboloid-drum microdisk laser biosensors for ultrasensitive detection of human IgG. Small 2020, 16, 2000239.
DOI Google Scholar
[13]

Kim, K. H.; Dannenberg, P. H.; Yan, H.; Cho, S.; Yun, S. H. Compact quantum-dot microbeads with sub-nanometer emission linewidth. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2103413.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]

Yuan, Z. Y.; Tan, X. T.; Gong, X. R.; Gong, C. Y.; Cheng, X.; Feng, S. L.; Fan, X. D.; Chen, Y. C. Bioresponsive microlasers with tunable lasing wavelength. Nanoscale 2021, 13, 1608–1615.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]

Wang, Y. P.; Lang, M. C.; Lu, J. S.; Suo, M. Q.; Du, M. C.; Hou, Y. B.; Wang, X. H.; Wang, P. Demonstration of intracellular real-time molecular quantification via FRET-enhanced optical microcavity. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 6685.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]

Titze, V. M.; Caixeiro, S.; Di Falco, A.; Schubert, M.; Gather, M. C. Red-shifted excitation and two-photon pumping of biointegrated GaInP/AlGaInP quantum well microlasers. ACS Photonics 2022, 9, 952–960.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]

Sun, J.; Chen, J. S.; Liu, K.; Zeng, H. B. Mechanically strong proteinaceous fibers: Engineered fabrication by microfluidics. Engineering 2021, 7, 615–623.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]

Liu, H. T.; Zhang, H. L.; Dong, L.; Zhang, Y. J.; Pan, C. F. Growth of GaN micro/nanolaser arrays by chemical vapor deposition. Nanotechnology 2016, 27, 355201.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]

Peng, Y. Y.; Lu, J. F.; Peng, D. F.; Ma, W. D.; Li, F. T.; Chen, Q. S.; Wang, X. D.; Sun, J. L.; Liu, H. T.; Pan, C. F. Dynamically modulated GaN whispering gallery lasing mode for strain sensor. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1905051.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]

Lu, Z. F.; Wang, L. J.; Zhang, Y.; Shu, S. L.; Tian, S. C.; Tong, C. Z.; Hou, G. Y.; Chai, X. L.; Xu, Y. Q.; Ni, H. Q. et al. High-power GaSb-based microstripe broad-area lasers. Appl. Phys. Express 2018, 11, 032702.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]

Di Stasio, F.; Polovitsyn, A.; Angeloni, I.; Moreels, I.; Krahne, R. Broadband amplified spontaneous emission and random lasing from wurtzite CdSe/CdS “giant-shell” nanocrystals. ACS Photonics 2016, 3, 2083–2088.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]

Rong, K. X.; Sun, C. W.; Shi, K. B.; Gong, Q. H.; Chen, J. J. Room-temperature planar lasers based on water-dripping microplates of colloidal quantum dots. ACS Photonics 2017, 4, 1776–1784.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]

Wang, Q.; Yan, Y. Z.; Qin, F. F.; Xu, C. X.; Liu, X. L.; Tan, P. H.; Shi, N. N.; Hu, S. P.; Li, L.; Zeng, Y. et al. A novel ultra-thin-walled ZnO microtube cavity supporting multiple optical modes for bluish-violet photoluminescence, low-threshold ultraviolet lasing and microfluidic photodegradation. NPG Asia Mater. 2017, 9, e442.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]

Fetisova, M. V.; Kryzhanovskaya, N. V.; Reduto, I. V.; Moiseev, E. I.; Blokhin, S. A.; Kotlyar, K. P.; Scherbak, S. A.; Lipovskii, A. A.; Kornev, A. A.; Bukatin, A. S. et al. Room temperature lasing from microdisk laser in aqueous medium. J. Phys. Conf. Ser. 2018, 1124, 051007.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]

Humar, M.; Yun, S. H. Intracellular microlasers. Nat. Photonics 2015, 9, 572–576.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]

Huang, Q. L.; Xu, H. L.; Li, M. T.; Hou, Z. S.; Lv, C.; Zhan, X. P.; Li, H. L.; Xia, H.; Wang, H. Y.; Sun, H. B. Stretchable PEG-DA hydrogel-based whispering-gallery-mode microlaser with humidity responsiveness. J. Lightwave Technol. 2018, 36, 819–824.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]

Fan, Y. Q.; Zhang, C. H.; Du, Y. X.; Qiao, C.; Wang, K.; Hou, Y.; Yao, J. N.; Zhao, Y. S. A universal in situ cross-linking strategy enables orthogonal processing of full-color organic microlaser arrays. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2103031.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]

Gong, X. R.; Qiao, Z.; Liao, Y. K.; Zhu, S.; Shi, L.; Kim, M.; Chen, Y. C. Enzyme-programmable microgel lasers for information encoding and anti-counterfeiting. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2107809.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]

Liao, Q.; Jin, X.; Zhang, H. H.; Xu, Z. Z.; Yao, J. N.; Fu, H. B. An organic microlaser array based on a lateral microcavity of a single J-aggregation microbelt. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2015, 54, 7037–7041.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]

Liu, D.; Wu, X. X.; Gao, C.; Li, C. G.; Zheng, Y. S.; Li, Y.; Xie, Z. Y.; Ji, D. Y.; Liu, X. F.; Zhang, X. T. et al. Integrating unexpected high charge-carrier mobility and low-threshold lasing action in an organic semiconductor. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2022, 61, e202200791.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]

Zhou, B. E.; Jiang, M. M.; Dong, H. X.; Zheng, W. H.; Huang, Y. Z.; Han, J. Y.; Pan, A. L.; Zhang, L. High-temperature upconverted single-mode lasing in 3D fully inorganic perovskite microcubic cavity. ACS Photonics 2019, 6, 793–801.
DOI Google Scholar
[32]

Zhou, B. E.; Zhong, Y. C.; Jiang, M. M.; Zhang, J. H.; Dong, H. X.; Chen, L. Q.; Wu, H.; Xie, W.; Zhang, L. Linearly polarized lasing based on coupled perovskite microspheres. Nanoscale 2020, 12, 5805–5811.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]

Tian, X. Y.; Wang, L.; Li, W.; Lin, Q. Q.; Cao, Q. Whispering gallery mode lasing from perovskite polygonal microcavities via femtosecond laser direct writing. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2021, 13, 16952–16958.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]

Liu, G. D.; Liu, H.; Wang, J.; Jia, S. T.; Li, G. Z.; Li, Y. F.; Gao, Y. A.; Yang, H.; Wang, S. F.; Gong, Q. H. Single-mode lasing with spontaneous symmetry breaking from a perovskite microdisk dimer. ACS Photonics 2023, 10, 43–48.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]

Shang, Q. Y.; Zhang, S.; Liu, Z.; Chen, J.; Yang, P. F.; Li, C.; Li, W.; Zhang, Y. F.; Xiong, Q. H.; Liu, X. F. et al. Surface plasmon enhanced strong exciton–photon coupling in hybrid inorganic–organic perovskite nanowires. Nano Lett. 2018, 18, 3335–3343.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]

Klein-Kedem, N.; Cahen, D.; Hodes, G. Effects of light and electron beam irradiation on halide perovskites and their solar cells. Acc. Chem. Res. 2016, 49, 347–354.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]

Levy, E. S.; Tajon, C. A.; Bischof, T. S.; Iafrati, J.; Fernandez-Bravo, A.; Garfield, D. J.; Chamanzar, M.; Maharbiz, M. M.; Sohal, V. S.; Schuck, P. J. et al. Energy-looping nanoparticles: Harnessing excited-state absorption for deep-tissue imaging. ACS Nano 2016, 10, 8423–8433.
DOI Google Scholar
[38]

Sun, J.; Zhang, J. R.; Zhao, L.; Wan, S. K.; Wu, B. H.; Ma, C.; Li, J. J.; Wang, F.; Xing, X. W.; Chen, D. et al. Contribution of hydrogen-bond nanoarchitectonics to switchable photothermal-mechanical properties of bioinorganic fibers. CCS Chem. 2023, 5, 1242–1250.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]

Li, J. J.; Sun, Y.; Liang, Y. X.; Ma, J.; Li, B.; Ma, C.; Tanzi, R. E.; Zhang, H. J.; Liu, K.; Zhang, C. Extracellular elastin molecule modulates Alzheimer’s Aβ dynamics in vitro and in vivo by affecting microglial activities. CCS Chem. 2021, 3, 1830–1837.
DOI Google Scholar
[40]

Xu, Z. P.; Wu, M. R.; Ye, Q.; Chen, D.; Liu, K.; Bai, H. Spinning from nature: Engineered preparation and application of high-performance bio-based fibers. Engineering 2022, 14, 100–112.
DOI Google Scholar
[41]

Wang, S. D.; Zhang, H. L.; Li, B.; Chen, C. L.; Ren, T. T.; Huang, Y.; Liu, K.; Li, J. J.; Guo, W. Knockdown of a specific circular non-coding RNA significantly suppresses osteosarcoma progression. Engineering 2023, 21, 188–194.
DOI Google Scholar
[42]

Xu, X.; Lei, P. P.; Dong, L. L.; Liu, X. L.; Su, Y.; Song, S. Y.; Feng, J.; Zhang, H. J. Rational design of Nd3+-sensitized multifunctional nanoparticles with highly dominant red emission. Dalton Trans. 2016, 45, 8440–8446.
DOI Google Scholar
[43]

Lei, P. P.; An, R.; Zhai, X. S.; Yao, S.; Dong, L. L.; Xu, X.; Du, K. M.; Zhang, M. L.; Feng, J.; Zhang, H. J. Benefits of surfactant effects on quantum efficiency enhancement and temperature sensing behavior of NaBiF4 upconversion nanoparticles. J. Mater. Chem. C 2017, 5, 9659–9665.
DOI Google Scholar
[44]

Du, K. M.; Feng, J.; Gao, X.; Zhang, H. J. Nanocomposites based on lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles: Diverse designs and applications. Light Sci. Appl. 2022, 11, 222.
DOI Google Scholar
[45]

Wei, Z.; Liu, Y. W.; Li, B.; Li, J. J.; Lu, S.; Xing, X. W.; Liu, K.; Wang, F.; Zhang, H. J. Rare-earth based materials: An effective toolbox for brain imaging, therapy, monitoring and neuromodulation. Light Sci. Appl. 2022, 11, 175.
DOI Google Scholar
[46]

Sun, J.; Li, B.; Wang, F.; Feng, J.; Ma, C.; Liu, K.; Zhang, H. J. Proteinaceous fibers with outstanding mechanical properties manipulated by supramolecular interactions. CCS Chem. 2021, 3, 1669–1677.
DOI Google Scholar
[47]

Sun, J.; Xiao, L. L.; Li, B.; Zhao, K. L.; Wang, Z. L.; Zhou, Y.; Ma, C.; Li, J. J.; Zhang, H. J.; Herrmann, A. et al. Genetically engineered polypeptide adhesive coacervates for surgical applications. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2021, 60, 23687–23694.
DOI Google Scholar
[48]

Su, J. J.; Lu, S.; Wei, Z.; Li, B.; Li, J. J.; Sun, J.; Liu, K.; Zhang, H. J.; Wang, F. Biocompatible inorganic nanoagent for efficient synergistic tumor treatment with augmented antitumor immunity. Small 2022, 18, 2200897.
DOI Google Scholar
[49]

Chung, J. W.; Gerelkhuu, Z.; Oh, J. H.; Lee, Y. I. Recent advances in luminescence properties of lanthanide-doped up-conversion nanocrystals and applications for bio-imaging, drug delivery, and optosensing. Appl. Spectrosc. Rev. 2016, 51, 678–705.
DOI Google Scholar
[50]

Guo, H. H.; Song, X. R.; Lei, W.; He, C.; You, W. W.; Lin, Q. Z.; Zhou, S. Y.; Chen, X. Y.; Chen, Z. Direct detection of circulating tumor cells in whole blood using time-resolved luminescent lanthanide nanoprobes. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 12195–12199.
DOI Google Scholar
[51]

Du, K. M.; Zhang, M. L.; Li, Y.; Li, H. W.; Liu, K.; Li, C. Y.; Feng, J.; Zhang, H. J. Embellishment of upconversion nanoparticles with ultrasmall perovskite quantum dots for full-color tunable, dual-modal luminescence anticounterfeiting. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2021, 9, 2100814.
DOI Google Scholar
[52]

Wang, X. N.; Li, T.; Liang, W. C.; Zhu, C. C.; Guo, L. D. Triple NIR light excited up-conversion luminescence in lanthanide-doped BaTiO3 phosphors for anti-counterfeiting. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2021, 104, 5826–5836.
DOI Google Scholar
[53]

Xu, J. T.; Gulzar, A.; Yang, P. P.; Bi, H. T.; Yang, D.; Gai, S. L.; He, F.; Lin, J.; Xing, B. G.; Jin, D. Y. Recent advances in near-infrared emitting lanthanide-doped nanoconstructs: Mechanism, design and application for bioimaging. Coord. Chem. Rev. 2019, 381, 104–134.
DOI Google Scholar
[54]

Liu, Y. W.; Zhao, K. L.; Ren, Y. B.; Wan, S. K.; Yang, C. J.; Li, J. J.; Wang, F.; Chen, C. Y.; Su, J. J.; Chen, D. et al. Highly plasticized lanthanide luminescence for information storage and encryption applications. Adv. Sci. (Weinh.) 2022, 9, 2105108.
DOI Google Scholar
[55]

Fan, Y.; Wang, P. Y.; Lu, Y. Q.; Wang, R.; Zhou, L.; Zheng, X. L.; Li, X. M.; Piper, J. A.; Zhang, F. Lifetime-engineered NIR-II nanoparticles unlock multiplexed in vivo imaging. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 13, 941–946.
DOI Google Scholar
[56]

Zhang, H. X.; Fan, Y.; Pei, P.; Sun, C. X.; Lu, L. F.; Zhang, F. Tm3+-sensitized NIR-II fluorescent nanocrystals for in vivo information storage and decoding. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2019, 58, 10153–10157.
DOI Google Scholar
[57]

Zhong, Y. T.; Ma, Z. R.; Wang, F. F.; Wang, X.; Yang, Y. J.; Liu, Y. L.; Zhao, X.; Li, J. C.; Du, H. T.; Zhang, M. X. et al. In vivo molecular imaging for immunotherapy using ultra-bright near-infrared-IIb rare-earth nanoparticles. Nat. Biotechnol. 2019, 17, 1322–1331.
DOI Google Scholar
[58]

Zhu, H.; Chen, X.; Jin, L. M.; Wang, Q. J.; Wang, F.; Yu, S. F. Amplified spontaneous emission and lasing from lanthanide-doped up-conversion nanocrystals. ACS Nano 2013, 7, 11420–11426.
DOI Google Scholar
[59]

Jin, L. M.; Yang, X. L.; Yu, S.; Zheng, P. R.; Chen, X.; Xiao, S. M.; Song, Q. H. Ultralow-threshold wideband-tunable single-mode ultraviolet lasing from lanthanide-doped upconversion nanomaterials. J. Am. Ceram. Soc. 2022, 105, 5764–5773.
DOI Google Scholar
[60]

Wang, T.; Yu, H.; Siu, C. K.; Qiu, J. B.; Xu, X. H.; Yu, S. F. White-light whispering-gallery-mode lasing from lanthanide-doped upconversion NaYF4 hexagonal microrods. ACS Photonics 2017, 4, 1539–1543.
DOI Google Scholar
[61]

Wang, Z.; Fang, Z. W.; Liu, Z. X.; Chu, W.; Zhou, Y.; Zhang, J. H.; Wu, R. B.; Wang, M.; Lu, T.; Cheng, Y. On-chip tunable microdisk laser fabricated on Er3+-doped lithium niobate on insulator. Opt. Lett. 2021, 46, 380–383.
DOI Google Scholar
[62]

Guo, Y. H.; Li, Z. Y.; An, N.; Guo, Y. Z.; Wang, Y. C.; Yuan, Y. S.; Zhang, H.; Tan, T.; Wu, C. H.; Peng, B. et al. A monolithic graphene-functionalized microlaser for multispecies gas detection. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, 2207777.
DOI Google Scholar
[63]

Fernandez-Bravo, A.; Wang, D. Q.; Barnard, E. S.; Teitelboim, A.; Tajon, C.; Guan, J.; Schatz, G. C.; Cohen, B. E.; Chan, E. M.; Schuck, P. J. et al. Ultralow-threshold, continuous-wave upconverting lasing from subwavelength plasmons. Nat. Mater. 2019, 18, 1172–1176.
DOI Google Scholar
[64]

Liu, Y. J.; Lu, Y. Q.; Yang, X. S.; Zheng, X. L.; Wen, S. H.; Wang, F.; Vidal, X.; Zhao, J. B.; Liu, D. M.; Zhou, Z. G. et al. Amplified stimulated emission in upconversion nanoparticles for super-resolution nanoscopy. Nature 2017, 543, 229–233.
DOI Google Scholar
[65]

Ding, X.; Liu, J. H.; Liu, D. P.; Li, J. Q.; Wang, F.; Li, L. J.; Wang, Y. H.; Song, S. Y.; Zhang, H. J. Multifunctional core/satellite polydopamine@Nd3+-sensitized upconversion nanocomposite: A single 808 nm near-infrared light-triggered theranostic platform for in vivo imaging-guided photothermal therapy. Nano Res. 2017, 10, 3434–3446.
DOI Google Scholar
[66]

All, A. H.; Zeng, X.; Teh, D. B. L.; Yi, Z. G.; Prasad, A.; Ishizuka, T.; Thakor, N.; Hiromu, Y.; Liu, X. G. Expanding the toolbox of upconversion nanoparticles for in vivo optogenetics and neuromodulation. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1803474.
DOI Google Scholar
[67]

Zhang, Y. X.; Huang, P.; Wang, D.; Chen, J. C.; Liu, W. Z.; Hu, P.; Huang, M. D.; Chen, X. Y.; Chen, Z. Near-infrared-triggered antibacterial and antifungal photodynamic therapy based on lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles. Nanoscale 2018, 10, 15485–15495.
DOI Google Scholar
[68]

Chen, S.; Weitemier, A. Z.; Zeng, X.; He, L. M.; Wang, X. Y.; Tao, Y. Q.; Huang, A. J. Y.; Hashimotodani, Y.; Kano, M.; Iwasaki, H. et al. Near-infrared deep brain stimulation via upconversion nanoparticle-mediated optogenetics. Science 2018, 359, 679–684.
DOI Google Scholar
[69]

Zhao, X. Y.; He, S. P.; Li, B.; Liu, B.; Shi, Y. J.; Cong, W.; Gao, F.; Li, J. J.; Wang, F.; Liu, K. et al. DUCNP@Mn-MOF/FOE as a highly selective and bioavailable drug delivery system for synergistic combination cancer therapy. Nano Lett. 2023, 23, 863–871.
DOI Google Scholar
[70]

Gao, X.; Feng, J.; Song, S. Y.; Liu, K.; Du, K. M.; Zhou, Y. F.; Lv, K. H.; Zhang, H. J. Tumor-targeted biocatalyst with self-accelerated cascade reactions for enhanced synergistic starvation and photodynamic therapy. Nano Today 2022, 43, 101433.
DOI Google Scholar
[71]

Liu, B.; Gu, X. Q.; Sun, Q. N.; Jiang, S. J.; Sun, J.; Liu, K.; Wang, F.; Wei, Y. Injectable in situ induced robust hydrogel for photothermal therapy and bone fracture repair. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2021, 31, 2010779.
DOI Google Scholar
[72]

Liu, B.; Sun, J.; Zhu, J. J.; Li, B.; Ma, C.; Gu, X. Q.; Liu, K.; Zhang, H. J.; Wang, F.; Su, J. J. et al. Injectable and NIR-responsive DNA-inorganic hybrid hydrogels with outstanding photothermal therapy. Adv. Mater. 2020, 32, 2004460.
DOI Google Scholar
[73]

Shao, B. Q.; Wan, S. K.; Yang, C. J.; Shen, J. L.; Li, Y. W.; You, H. P.; Chen, D.; Fan, C. H.; Liu, K.; Zhang, H. J. Engineered anisotropic fluids of rare-earth nanomaterials. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 18213–18217.
DOI Google Scholar
[74]

Zhao, K. L.; Sun, J.; Wang, F.; Song, A. Y.; Liu, K.; Zhang, H. J. Lanthanide-based photothermal materials: Fabrication and biomedical applications. ACS Appl. Bio Mater. 2020, 3, 3975–3986.
DOI Google Scholar
[75]

Wen, S. H.; Zhou, J. J.; Schuck, P. J.; Suh, Y. D.; Schmidt, T. W.; Jin, D. Y. Future and challenges for hybrid upconversion nanosystems. Nat. Photonics 2019, 13, 828–838.
DOI Google Scholar
[76]

Liu, D. M.; Xu, X. X.; Du, Y.; Qin, X.; Zhang, Y. H.; Ma, C. S.; Wen, S. H.; Ren, W.; Goldys, E. M.; Piper, J. A. et al. Three-dimensional controlled growth of monodisperse sub-50 nm heterogeneous nanocrystals. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10254.
DOI Google Scholar
[77]

Shang, Y. F.; Chen, T.; Ma, T. H.; Hao, S. W.; Lv, W. Q.; Jia, D. C.; Yang, C. H. Advanced lanthanide doped upconversion nanomaterials for lasing emission. J. Rare Earths 2022, 40, 687–695.
DOI Google Scholar
[78]

Kippenberg, T. J.; Kalkman, J.; Polman, A.; Vahala, K. J. Demonstration of an erbium-doped microdisk laser on a silicon chip. Phys. Rev. A 2006, 74, 051802.
DOI Google Scholar
[79]

Polman, A.; Min, B.; Kalkman, J.; Kippenberg, T. J.; Vahala, K. J. Ultralow-threshold erbium-implanted toroidal microlaser on silicon. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2004, 84, 1037–1039.
DOI Google Scholar
[80]

Bekker, C. J.; Baker, C. G.; Bowen, W. P. Optically tunable photoluminescence and up-conversion lasing on a chip. Phys. Rev. Appl. 2021, 15, 034022.
DOI Google Scholar
[81]

Yang, L.; Carmon, T.; Min, B.; Spillane, S. M.; Vahala, K. J. Erbium-doped and Raman microlasers on a silicon chip fabricated by the sol–gel process. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 86, 091114.
DOI Google Scholar
[82]

Hsu, H. S.; Cai, C.; Armani, A. M. Ultra-low-threshold Er:Yb sol–gel microlaser on silicon. Opt. Express 2009, 17, 23265–23271.
DOI Google Scholar
[83]

Fan, H. B.; Hua, S. Y.; Jiang, X. S.; Xiao, M. Demonstration of an erbium-doped microsphere laser on a silicon chip. Laser Phys. Lett. 2013, 10, 105809.
DOI Google Scholar
[84]

Ding, Y.; Fan, H. B.; Zhang, X.; Jiang, X. S.; Xiao, M. Ultralow-threshold neodymium-doped microsphere lasers on a silicon chip. Opt. Commun. 2017, 395, 51–54.
DOI Google Scholar
[85]

Zhu, S.; Wang, W. Y.; Jiang, B.; Ren, L. H.; Shi, L.; Zhang, X. L. Flexible manipulation of lasing modes in an erbium-doped microcavity via an add-drop configuration. ACS Photonics 2021, 8, 3069–3077.
DOI Google Scholar
[86]

Fernandez-Bravo, A.; Yao, K. Y.; Barnard, E. S.; Borys, N. J.; Levy, E. S.; Tian, B. N.; Tajon, C. A.; Moretti, L.; Altoe, M. V.; Aloni, S. et al. Continuous-wave upconverting nanoparticle microlasers. Nat. Nanotechnol. 2018, 13, 572–577.
DOI Google Scholar
[87]

Liu, Y. W.; Teitelboim, A.; Fernandez-Bravo, A.; Yao, K. Y.; Altoe, M. V. P.; Aloni, S.; Zhang, C. H.; Cohen, B. E.; Schuck, P. J.; Chan, E. M. Controlled assembly of upconverting nanoparticles for low-threshold microlasers and their imaging in scattering media. ACS Nano 2020, 14, 1508–1519.
DOI Google Scholar
[88]

Shang, Y. F.; Zhou, J. J.; Cai, Y. J.; Wang, F.; Fernandez-Bravo, A.; Yang, C. H.; Jiang, L.; Jin, D. Y. Low threshold lasing emissions from a single upconversion nanocrystal. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 6156.
DOI Google Scholar
[89]

Haider, G.; Lin, H. I.; Yadav, K.; Shen, K. C.; Liao, Y. M.; Hu, H. W.; Roy, P. K.; Bera, K. P.; Lin, K. H.; Lee, H. M. et al. A highly-efficient single segment white random laser. ACS Nano 2018, 12, 11847–11859.
DOI Google Scholar
[90]

Zhu, S.; Shi, L.; Xiao, B. W.; Zhang, X. L.; Fan, X. D. All-optical tunable microlaser based on an ultrahigh-Q erbium-doped hybrid microbottle cavity. ACS Photonics 2018, 5, 3794–3800.
DOI Google Scholar
[91]

Ouyang, T. C.; Kang, S. L.; Zhang, Z. S.; Yang, D. D.; Huang, X. J.; Pan, Q. W.; Gan, J. L.; Qiu, J. R.; Dong, G. P. Microlaser output from rare-earth ion-doped nanocrystal-in-glass microcavities. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2019, 7, 1900197.
DOI Google Scholar
[92]

Ngara, Z. S.; Okada, D.; Oki, O.; Yamamoto, Y. Energy transfer-assisted whispering gallery mode lasing in conjugated polymer/europium hybrid microsphere resonators. Chem. Asian J. 2019, 14, 1637–1641.
DOI Google Scholar
[93]

Yang, Y.; Lei, F. C.; Kasumie, S.; Xu, L. H.; Ward, J. M.; Yang, L.; Nic Chormaic, S. Tunable erbium-doped microbubble laser fabricated by sol–gel coating. Opt. Express 2017, 25, 1308–1313.
DOI Google Scholar
[94]

Ward, J. M.; Yang, Y.; Nic Chormaic, S. Glass-on-glass fabrication of bottle-shaped tunable microlasers and their applications. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 25152.
DOI Google Scholar
[95]

Elliott, G. R.; Murugan, G. S.; Wilkinson, J. S.; Zervas, M. N.; Hewak, D. W. Chalcogenide glass microsphere laser. Opt. Express 2010, 18, 26720–26727.
DOI Google Scholar
[96]

Deng, Y.; Jain, R. K.; Hossein-Zadeh, M. Demonstration of a cw room temperature mid-IR microlaser. Opt. Lett. 2014, 39, 4458–4461.
DOI Google Scholar
[97]

Wang, P. F.; Yi, Y. T.; Wang, X.; Li, A. Z.; Jia, S. J.; Fan, Y. X.; Brambilla, G.; Wang, S. B.; Zhao, H. Y. Tm3+-doped fluorotellurite glass microsphere resonator laser at 2.3 μm. Opt. Lett. 2020, 45, 3553–3556.
DOI Google Scholar
[98]

Li, A. Z.; Dong, Y. K.; Wang, S. B.; Jia, S. J.; Brambilla, G.; Wang, P. F. Infrared-laser and upconversion luminescence in Ho3+-Yb3+ codoped tellurite glass microsphere. J. Lumin. 2020, 218, 116826.
DOI Google Scholar
[99]

Jiang, B.; Zhu, S.; Wang, W. Y.; Li, J.; Dong, C. H.; Shi, L.; Zhang, X. L. Room-temperature continuous-wave upconversion white microlaser using a rare-earth-doped microcavity. ACS Photonics 2022, 9, 2956–2962.
DOI Google Scholar
[100]

Jin, L. M.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Wu, Y. K.; Liu, Y. L.; Deng, H. C.; Song, Q. H.; Xiao, S. M. Lanthanide-doped nanocrystals in high-Q microtoroids for stable on-chip white-light lasers. Photonics Res. 2022, 10, 1594–1601.
DOI Google Scholar
[101]

Moon, B. S.; Lee, T. K.; Jeon, W. C.; Kwak, S. K.; Kim, Y. J.; Kim, D. H. Continuous-wave upconversion lasing with a sub-10 W·cm−2 threshold enabled by atomic disorder in the host matrix. Nat. Commun. 2021, 12, 4437.
DOI Google Scholar
[102]

Jin, L. M.; Wu, Y. K.; Wang, Y. J.; Liu, S.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Li, Z. Y.; Chen, X.; Zhang, W. F.; Xiao, S. M.; Song, Q. H. Mass-manufactural lanthanide-based ultraviolet B microlasers. Adv. Mater. 2019, 31, 1807079.
DOI Google Scholar
[103]

Chen, X.; Jin, L. M.; Kong, W.; Sun, T. Y.; Zhang, W. F.; Liu, X. H.; Fan, J.; Yu, S. F.; Wang, F. Confining energy migration in upconversion nanoparticles towards deep ultraviolet lasing. Nat. Commun. 2016, 7, 10304.
DOI Google Scholar
[104]

Sun, T. Y.; Chen, B.; Guo, Y.; Zhu, Q.; Zhao, J. X.; Li, Y. H.; Chen, X.; Wu, Y. K.; Gao, Y. B.; Jin, L. M. et al. Ultralarge anti-Stokes lasing through tandem upconversion. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 1032.
DOI Google Scholar
[105]

Jin, L. M.; Chen, X.; Wu, Y. K.; Ai, X. Z.; Yang, X. L.; Xiao, S. M.; Song, Q. H. Dual-wavelength switchable single-mode lasing from a lanthanide-doped resonator. Nat. Commun. 2022, 13, 1727.
DOI Google Scholar
[106]

Du, Y. Y.; Wang, Y. F.; Deng, Z. Q.; Chen, X.; Yang, X. Q.; Sun, T. Y.; Zhang, X.; Zhu, G. Y.; Yu, S. F.; Wang, F. Blue-pumped deep ultraviolet lasing from lanthanide-doped Lu6O5F8 upconversion nanocrystals. Adv. Opt. Mater. 2019, 8, 1900968.
DOI Google Scholar
[107]

Wang, Y. Y.; Xu, C. X.; Jiang, M. M.; Li, J. T.; Dai, J.; Lu, J. F.; Li, P. L. Lasing mode regulation and single-mode realization in ZnO whispering gallery microcavities by the Vernier effect. Nanoscale 2016, 8, 16631–16639.
DOI Google Scholar
[108]

Liu, W. L.; Li, M.; Guzzon, R. S.; Norberg, E. J.; Parker, J. S.; Lu, M. Z.; Coldren, L. A.; Yao, J. P. An integrated parity-time symmetric wavelength-tunable single-mode microring laser. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 15389.
DOI Google Scholar
[109]

Yang, X. F.; Lyu, Z. Y.; Dong, H.; Sun, L. D.; Yan, C. H. Lanthanide upconverted microlasing: Microlasing spanning full visible spectrum to near-infrared under low power, CW pumping. Small 2021, 17, 2103140.
DOI Google Scholar
[110]

Li, K. R.; Stockman, M. I.; Bergman, D. J. Self-similar chain of metal nanospheres as an efficient nanolens. Phys. Rev. Lett. 2003, 91, 227402.
DOI Google Scholar
[111]

Chen, X.; Jin, L. M.; Sun, T. Y.; Kong, W.; Yu, S. F.; Wang, F. Energy migration upconversion in Ce(III)-doped heterogeneous core–shell–shell nanoparticles. Small 2017, 13, 1701479.
DOI Google Scholar
[112]

Wan, S. K.; Cheng, W. H.; Li, J. J.; Wang, F.; Xing, X. W.; Sun, J.; Zhang, H. J.; Liu, K. Biological composite fibers with extraordinary mechanical strength and toughness mediated by multiple intermolecular interacting networks. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 9192–9198.
DOI Google Scholar
[113]

Li, Y. X.; Sun, J.; Li, J. J.; Liu, K.; Zhang, H. J. Engineered protein nanodrug as an emerging therapeutic tool. Nano Res. 2022, 15, 5161–5172.
DOI Google Scholar
[114]
Zhou, W.; Zhang, C. H.; Ren, A.; Dong, H. Y.; Yao, J. N.; Zhao, Y. S. Responsive liquid-crystal microlaser arrays with tactile perception. Adv. Opt. Mater., in press, https://doi.org/10.1002/adom.202202879.
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 29 March 2023
Revised: 18 May 2023
Accepted: 21 May 2023
Published: 24 July 2023
Issue date: January 2024

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press 2023

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22020102003, 22207104, and 22125701), the National Key R&D Program of China (Nos. 2022YFF071000 and 2021YFF0701800), Natural Science Foundation of Jilin Province (No. 20230101102JC), China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (Nos. 2020M681055 and 2022T150634), and Young Elite Scientists Sponsorship Program by CAST (Nos. 2021-2023QNRC and YESS20210067).

Return