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Review Article

Tumor-responsive dynamic nanoassemblies for boosted photoimmunotherapy

Dao Shi1,§, Nan Wang2,§, Jie Zhang3,§, Xi Hu4,5, Qiyue Wang1,4, Ruixue Xiao1, Baoyue Ding3( ), Fangyuan Li2,4,6( ), Daishun Ling1,2,4 ( )
Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, National Center for Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
Institute of Pharmaceutics, Hangzhou Institute of Innovative Medicine, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
Department of Pharmaceutics, Jiaxing Key Laboratory for Photonanomedicine and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314001, China
World Laureates Association (WLA) Laboratories, Shanghai 201203, China
School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China
Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310009, China

§ Dao Shi, Nan Wang, and Jie Zhang contributed equally to this work.

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Abstract

Photoimmunotherapy (PIT) is an emerging therapeutic approach that integrates phototherapy and immunotherapy to eliminate primary tumors under an appropriate dosage of local light irradiation, while simultaneously preventing tumor metastasis and recurrence by activating the host antitumor immune response. Tumor-responsive dynamic nanoassemblies (TDNs) have evolved from being a mere curiosity to a promising platform for high-performance PIT. However, the dynamic nano-bio interaction between TDNs and tumor microenvironment remains poorly understood, which shall be critical for precise control of TDNs assembling/disassembling behavior and superior PIT efficacy. To deepen the understanding of the structure–function relationship of TDNs, this review introduces the rational design, nano-bio interactions, and controllable functionalities of cutting-edge TDNs for enhanced PIT. Moreover, the synergetic mechanism between TDNs-based PIT and immunomodulatory agents-mediated immunomodulation is particularly emphasized. Finally, the challenges and future perspectives in this emerging field are assessed.

Graphical Abstract

Through the ingenious combination of stimuli-responsive compounds, immunomodulatory agents, and photosensitizers, the adaptive tumor-responsive dynamic nanoassemblies-based photoimmunotherapy (PIT) agents can be activated by tumor microenvironment (TME) stimuli (e.g., pH, ROS, GSH, hypoxia, and enzyme). These smart agents boost PIT efficacy by programming the pharmacokinetics and location of photosensitizers/immunomodulators to achieve the enhanced activation of immune response, the improved infiltration of cytotoxic T lymphocytes, the reshaped immunosuppressive TME, and the immune checkpoint blockade.

Keywords

photoimmunotherapytumor-responsive dynamic nanoassembliesimmunosuppressive tumor microenvironment

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Nano Research
Volume 16 Issue 8,
August 2023
Pages 11125-11138
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5844-2

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Cite this article:
Shi D, Wang N, Zhang J, et al. Tumor-responsive dynamic nanoassemblies for boosted photoimmunotherapy. Nano Research, 2023, 16(8): 11125-11138. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5844-2
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Received: 17 April 2023
Revised: 10 May 2023
Accepted: 11 May 2023
Published: 24 July 2023
© Tsinghua University Press 2023