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Nano Research 2023, 16(7): 9214-9230 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5798-4
Review Article | Issue | Published: 13 June 2023

Engineering active sites of cathodic materials for high-performance Zn-nitrogen batteries

Show Author's Information Shanshan Chen1,2,  Kang Lian1,  Wenxian Liu3( ),  Qian Liu4,  Gaocan Qi1( ),  Jun Luo1,5,  Xijun Liu2( )
Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, Tianjin Key Lab for Photoelectric Materials & Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resource, Environments and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
ShenSi Lab, Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China
Keywords:
electrocatalysis, nitrogen reduction, ammonia synthesis, aqueous battery, Zn-nitrogen batteries
Topics:
Batteries
Cite this article:
Chen S, Lian K, Liu W, et al. Engineering active sites of cathodic materials for high-performance Zn-nitrogen batteries. Nano Research, 2023, 16(7): 9214-9230. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5798-4
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Abstract Full text About this article

As an ideal carbon-free energy carrier, ammonia plays an indispensable role in modern society. The conventional industrial synthesis of NH3 by the Haber–Bosch technique under harsh reaction conditions results in serious energy consumption and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is essential to develop NH3 synthesis tactics under benign conditions. Electrochemical synthesis of NH3 has the advantages of mild reaction conditions and environmental friendliness, and has become a hotspot for research in recent years. It has been reported that zinc-nitrogen batteries (ZNBs), such as Zn-N2, Zn-NO, Zn-NO3−, and Zn-NO2− batteries, can not only reduce nitrogenous species to ammonia but also have concomitant power output. However, the common drawbacks of these battery systems are unsatisfactory power density and ammonia production. In this review, the latest progress of ZNBs including the reaction mechanism of the battery and reactor design principles is systematically summarized. Subsequently, active site engineering of cathode catalysts is discussed, including vacancy defects, chemical doping, and heterostructure engineering. Finally, some insights are provided to improve the performance of ZNBs from a practical perspective of view.


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About this article

Engineering active sites of cathodic materials for high-performance Zn-nitrogen batteries

Show Author's information Shanshan Chen1,2, Kang Lian1, Wenxian Liu3( ), Qian Liu4, Gaocan Qi1( ), Jun Luo1,5, Xijun Liu2( )
Institute for New Energy Materials and Low-Carbon Technologies, Tianjin Key Lab for Photoelectric Materials & Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300384, China
State Key Laboratory of Featured Metal Materials and Life-cycle Safety for Composite Structures, School of Resource, Environments and Materials, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
Institute for Advanced Study, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, China
ShenSi Lab, Shenzhen Institute for Advanced Study, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Shenzhen 518110, China

Abstract

As an ideal carbon-free energy carrier, ammonia plays an indispensable role in modern society. The conventional industrial synthesis of NH3 by the Haber–Bosch technique under harsh reaction conditions results in serious energy consumption and environmental pollution. Therefore, it is essential to develop NH3 synthesis tactics under benign conditions. Electrochemical synthesis of NH3 has the advantages of mild reaction conditions and environmental friendliness, and has become a hotspot for research in recent years. It has been reported that zinc-nitrogen batteries (ZNBs), such as Zn-N2, Zn-NO, Zn-NO3−, and Zn-NO2− batteries, can not only reduce nitrogenous species to ammonia but also have concomitant power output. However, the common drawbacks of these battery systems are unsatisfactory power density and ammonia production. In this review, the latest progress of ZNBs including the reaction mechanism of the battery and reactor design principles is systematically summarized. Subsequently, active site engineering of cathode catalysts is discussed, including vacancy defects, chemical doping, and heterostructure engineering. Finally, some insights are provided to improve the performance of ZNBs from a practical perspective of view.

Keywords: electrocatalysis, nitrogen reduction, ammonia synthesis, aqueous battery, Zn-nitrogen batteries

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Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 01 April 2023
Revised: 28 April 2023
Accepted: 01 May 2023
Published: 13 June 2023
Issue date: July 2023

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press 2023

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22075211, 22109118, 22275166, 21601136, and 51971157), Tianjin Science Fund for Distinguished Young Scholars (No. 19JCJQJC61800), Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (Nos. JCYJ20210324123202008, JCYJ20210324115412035, and ZDSYS20210813095534001), and Guangdong Foundation for Basic and Applied Basic Research Program (No. 2021A1515110880).

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