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Research Article

In situ tracking of the lithiation and sodiation process of disodium terephthalate as anodes for rechargeable batteries by Raman spectroscopy

Xiu-Mei Lin1,2,§( ), Chong Han2,§, Xin-Tao Yang2, Jia-Sheng Lin2, Wei-Qiang Yang1, Hong-Xu Guo1, Yao-Hui Wang2, Jin-Chao Dong2, Jian-Feng Li2,3( )
Department of Chemistry and Environment Science, Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Analytical Science, Minnan Normal University, Zhangzhou 363000, China
College of Energy, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, iChEM, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
Institute of Optical and Electronic Technology, China Jiliang University, Hangzhou 310018, China

§ Xiu-Mei Lin and Chong Han contributed equally to this work.

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Graphical Abstract

In situ Raman spectroscopy was employed to track the de/lithiation and de/sodiation processes of disodium terephthalate (Na2C8H4O4, Na2TP) and the one-step with the 2Li+ or 2Na+ transfer mechanism was elucidated.

Abstract

Organic compounds represent an appealing group of electrode materials for rechargeable batteries due to their merits of biomass, sustainability, environmental friendliness, and processability. Disodium terephthalate (Na2C8H4O4, Na2TP), an organic salt with a theoretical capacity of 255 mAh·g−1, is electroactive towards both lithium and sodium. However, its electrochemical energy storage (EES) process has not been directly observed via in situ characterization techniques and the underlying mechanisms are still under debate. Herein, in situ Raman spectroscopy was employed to track the de/lithiation and de/sodiation processes of Na2TP. The appearance and then disappearance of the –COOLi Raman band at 1625 cm−1 during the de/lithiation, and the increase and then decrease of the –COONa Raman band at 1615 cm−1 during the de/sodiation processes of Na2TP elucidate the one-step with the 2Li+ or 2Na+ transfer mechanism. We also found that the inferior cycling stability of Na2TP as an anode for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) than lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) could be due to the larger ion radium of Na+ than Li+, which results in larger steric resistance and polarization during EES. The Na2TP, therefore, shows greater changes in spectra during de/sodiation than de/lithiation. We expect that our findings could provide a reference for the rational design of organic compounds for EES.

Keywords

in situ Raman spectroscopymechanismsde/lithiationde/sodiationdisodium terephthalate (Na2C8H4O4Na2TP)

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Nano Research
Volume 17 Issue 1,
January 2024
Pages 245-252
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-023-5680-4
Cite this article:
Lin X-M, Han C, Yang X-T, et al. In situ tracking of the lithiation and sodiation process of disodium terephthalate as anodes for rechargeable batteries by Raman spectroscopy. Nano Research, 2024, 17(1): 245-252. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-023-5680-4
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Received: 29 January 2023
Revised: 20 March 2023
Accepted: 21 March 2023
Published: 10 May 2023
© Tsinghua University Press 2023
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