The thermodynamically directed dendrite-free lithium metal batteries on LiZn alloy surface

Metical lithium (Li) is one of the most promising alternatives as an anode in next-generation high energy batteries for its high theoretical specific capacity and low redox potential. However, severe Li dendrite growth leading to poor stability and safety issues hinders its practical implementation. Herein, three-dimensional carbon cloth (CC) with full zinc oxide quantum dots (ZnO QDs) covering is rationally chosen as the substrate for the suppression of Li dendrite. Owing to the spontaneous reaction between ZnO QDs and molten Li, LiZn alloy is formed and covered on CC, which endows substrate with high affinity for Li adsorption and suitable barrier energy for Li diffusion. This thermodynamic regulation on substrate is beneficial for homogeneous Li nucleation and deposition, thus enabling high stability for over 1,900 h at ultrahigh current density of 10 mA∙cm⁻² in symmetrical cell and delivering superior performance in full batteries.