Journal Home > Volume 16 , Issue 2
Nano Research 2023, 16(2): 3320-3325 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4952-8
Research Article | Issue | Published: 30 September 2022

Control of crystal growth to obtain needle-shaped violet phosphorus with excellent photocatalytic degradation performance

Show Author's Information Mengting Jin,  Yanhao Wang,  Mengyue Gu,  Xuewen Zhao,  Rongzheng Zhao,  Yuhao Zhang,  Yonghong Cheng,  Jinying Zhang( )
School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China
Keywords:
photocatalytic degradation, crystal growth, tin, red phosphorus, violet phosphorus
Topics:
Thin films
Cite this article:
Jin M, Wang Y, Gu M, et al. Control of crystal growth to obtain needle-shaped violet phosphorus with excellent photocatalytic degradation performance. Nano Research, 2023, 16(2): 3320-3325. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4952-8
Download citation
EndNote(RIS)
BibTeX

643

Views

84

Downloads

Citations

4

Crossref

5

WoS

4

Scopus

0

CSCD

Abstract Full text Electronic supplementary material About this article

The control of crystal growth is important but challenging for multi-disciplinary research. Violet phosphorus, the most stable phosphorus allotrope, has recently been produced as a unique semiconducting layered structure. The crystal orientation and morphology bring extra performance due to its unique structure and anisotropy. Herein, the layered violet phosphorus has been controlled to grow along the c-axis to give tunable length up to centimeters with the assistance of tin, while the reported flat bulk ones with thickness are limited to micrometers. The as-produced needle-shaped violet phosphorus has also been demonstrated to significantly enhance the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange pollutants due to its special crystallographic orientation. About 98.6% of methyl orange pollutants with a concentration of 50 ppm were degraded within 80 min under visible light conditions by needle-shaped violet phosphorus, which is much more effective than that of amorphous red phosphorus with only 14.1% degradation.


menu
Abstract
Full text
Outline
Electronic supplementary material
About this article

Control of crystal growth to obtain needle-shaped violet phosphorus with excellent photocatalytic degradation performance

Show Author's information Mengting Jin, Yanhao Wang, Mengyue Gu, Xuewen Zhao, Rongzheng Zhao, Yuhao Zhang, Yonghong Cheng, Jinying Zhang( )
School of Electrical Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an 710049, China

Abstract

The control of crystal growth is important but challenging for multi-disciplinary research. Violet phosphorus, the most stable phosphorus allotrope, has recently been produced as a unique semiconducting layered structure. The crystal orientation and morphology bring extra performance due to its unique structure and anisotropy. Herein, the layered violet phosphorus has been controlled to grow along the c-axis to give tunable length up to centimeters with the assistance of tin, while the reported flat bulk ones with thickness are limited to micrometers. The as-produced needle-shaped violet phosphorus has also been demonstrated to significantly enhance the photocatalytic degradation of methyl orange pollutants due to its special crystallographic orientation. About 98.6% of methyl orange pollutants with a concentration of 50 ppm were degraded within 80 min under visible light conditions by needle-shaped violet phosphorus, which is much more effective than that of amorphous red phosphorus with only 14.1% degradation.

Keywords: photocatalytic degradation, crystal growth, tin, red phosphorus, violet phosphorus

References(39)

[1]

Jin, M.; Yang, W. H.; Wang, X. H.; Li, R. B.; Xu, Y. D.; Xu, J. Y. Growth and characterization of ZnTe single crystal via a novel Te flux vertical Bridgman method. Rare Met. 2021, 40, 858–864.
DOI Google Scholar
[2]

Yu, P. F.; Jiang, B. R.; Chen, Y. R.; Lu, H. Y.; Qi, Y. W.; Liu, Y. P.; Ma, Z. F.; Zheng, J. H.; Luan, L. J.; Jie, W. Q. Growth and characterization of inclusion-free CdMgTe single crystals using modified Bridgman method. J. Mater. Sci. Mater. Electron. 2020, 31, 10207–10212.
DOI Google Scholar
[3]

Ning, S. Y.; Yang, X. Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhu, Z. W.; Zhang, J. X. Single crystal growth of GdB6 by the optical floating-zone technique. CrystEngComm 2020, 22, 8236–8242.
DOI Google Scholar
[4]

Fu, B.; Mu, W. X.; Zhang, J.; Wang, X. Q.; Zhuang, W. C.; Yin, Y. R.; Jia, Z. T.; Tao, X. T. A study on the technical improvement and the crystalline quality optimization of columnar β-Ga2O3 crystal growth by an EFG method. CrystEngComm 2020, 22, 5060–5066.
DOI Google Scholar
[5]

Yin, Y. R.; Wang, G. J.; Jia, Z. T.; Mu, W. X.; Fu, X. W.; Zhang, J.; Tao, X. T. Controllable and directional growth of Er: Lu2O3 single crystals by the edge-defined film-fed technique. CrystEngComm 2020, 22, 6569–6573.
DOI Google Scholar
[6]

Li, H.; Liu, J. K.; Guo, N.; Xiao, L.; Zhang, H. X.; Zhou, S. Y.; Wu, Y.; Fan, S. S. Seeded growth of high-quality transition metal dichalcogenide single crystals via chemical vapor transport. CrystEngComm 2020, 22, 8017–8022.
DOI Google Scholar
[7]

Sutter, E.; Wang, J.; Sutter, P. Surface passivation by excess sulfur for controlled synthesis of large, thin SnS flakes. Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 8034–8042.
DOI Google Scholar
[8]

Wang, G. D.; Zhang, L.; Wang, Y.; Shao, Y. L.; Chen, C. M.; Liu, G. X.; Yao, X. G.; Wu, Y. Z.; Hao, X. P. Growth and stress analysis of spontaneous nucleation c-plane bulk AlN crystals by a PVT method. Cryst. Res. Technol. 2020, 55, 2000118.
DOI Google Scholar
[9]

Wu, Z.; Liu, G. L.; Wang, Y. X.; Yang, X.; Wei, T. Q.; Wang, Q. J.; Liang, J.; Xu, N.; Li, Z. Z.; Zhu, B. et al. Seed-induced vertical growth of 2D Bi2O2Se nanoplates by chemical vapor transport. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2019, 29, 1906639.
DOI Google Scholar
[10]

Quinson, J.; Bottein, T.; Dillon, F.; Meysami, S. S.; Grobert, N. Carbon nanotube columns for flow systems: Influence of synthesis parameters. Nanoscale Adv. 2020, 2, 5874–5882.
DOI Google Scholar
[11]

Zhang, S.; Ma, S. F.; Hao, X. D.; Wang, Y. T.; Cao, B.; Han, B.; Zhang, H.; Kong, X. G.; Xu, B. S. Controllable preparation of crystalline red phosphorus and its photocatalytic properties. Nanoscale 2021, 13, 18955–18960.
DOI Google Scholar
[12]

Zhang, L. H.; Gu, M. Y.; Li, L. R.; Zhao, X. W.; Fu, C. C.; Liu, T.; Xu, X. Q.; Cheng, Y. H.; Zhang, J. Y. High yield synthesis of violet phosphorus crystals. Chem. Mater. 2020, 32, 7363–7369.
DOI Google Scholar
[13]

Zhang, B.; Wang, Z. Y.; Huang, H. Y.; Zhang, L. H.; Gu, M. Y.; Cheng, Y. H.; Wu, K.; Zhou, J.; Zhang, J. Y. Work function and band alignment of few-layer violet phosphorene. J. Mater. Chem. A 2020, 8, 8586–8592.
DOI Google Scholar
[14]

Zhao, R. Z.; Liu, S. H.; Zhao, X. W.; Gu, M. Y.; Zhang, Y. H.; Jin, M. T.; Wang, Y. H.; Cheng, Y. H.; Zhang, J. Y. Violet phosphorus quantum dots. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 10, 245–250.
DOI Google Scholar
[15]

Zhang, B.; Zhang, L. H.; Wang, Z. X.; Li, Y. F.; Cheng, Y. H.; Ma, L. F.; Zhang, J. Y. Cross structured two-dimensional violet phosphorene with extremely high deformation resistance. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 13855–13860.
DOI Google Scholar
[16]

Zhang, L. H.; Huang, H. Y.; Zhang, B.; Gu, M. Y.; Zhao, D.; Zhao, X. W.; Li, L. R.; Zhou, J.; Wu, K.; Cheng, Y. H. et al. Structure and properties of violet phosphorus and its phosphorene exfoliation. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 1074–1080.
DOI Google Scholar
[17]

Zhang, L. H.; Li, X. B.; Yao, F. F.; Li, L. R.; Huang, H. Y.; Zhao, X. W.; Liu, S. H.; Cheng, Y. H.; Xu, H.; Zhang, J. Y. Fast identification of the crystallographic orientation of violet phosphorus nanoflakes with preferred in-plane cleavage edge orientation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2111057.
DOI Google Scholar
[18]

Zhang, L. H.; Huang, H. Y.; Lv, Z. X.; Li, L. R.; Gu, M. Y.; Zhao, X. W.; Zhang, B.; Cheng, Y. H.; Zhang, J. Y. Phonon properties of bulk violet phosphorus single crystals: Temperature and pressure evolution. ACS Appl. Electron. Mater. 2021, 3, 1043–1049.
DOI Google Scholar
[19]

Zhang, B.; Zhang, L. H.; Chen, C. X.; Gu, M. Y.; Cheng, Y. H.; Zhang, J. Y. Friction anisotropy of violet phosphorene and its surface structure direction identification. 2D Mater. 2022, 9, 025002.
DOI Google Scholar
[20]

Zhu, Y. K.; Lv, C. X.; Yin, Z. C.; Ren, J.; Yang, X. F.; Dong, C. L.; Liu, H. W.; Cai, R. S.; Huang, Y. C.; Theis, W. et al. A [001]-oriented Hittorf’s phosphorus nanorods/polymeric carbon nitride heterostructure for boosting wide-spectrum-responsive photocatalytic hydrogen evolution from pure water. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 2020, 59, 868–873.
DOI Google Scholar
[21]

Liu, Y.; Hu, Z. F.; Yu, J. C. Liquid bismuth initiated growth of phosphorus microbelts with efficient charge polarization for photocatalysis. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2019, 247, 100–106.
DOI Google Scholar
[22]

Wang, F.; Ng, W. K. H.; Yu, J. C.; Zhu, H. J.; Li, C. H.; Zhang, L.; Liu, Z. F.; Li, Q. Red phosphorus: An elemental photocatalyst for hydrogen formation from water. Appl. Catal. B: Environ. 2012, 111–112, 409–414.
DOI Google Scholar
[23]

Thurn, H.; Krebs, H. Crystal structure of violet phosphorus. Angew. Chem., Int. Ed. 1966, 5, 1047–1048.
DOI Google Scholar
[24]

Kim, S.; Hill, D. J.; Pinion, C. W.; Christesen, J. D.; McBride, J. R.; Cahoon, J. F. Designing morphology in epitaxial silicon nanowires: The role of gold, surface chemistry, and phosphorus doping. ACS Nano. 2017, 11, 4453–4462.
DOI Google Scholar
[25]

Singh, S.; Kansal, S. K. Recent progress in red phosphorus-based photocatalysts for photocatalytic water remediation and hydrogen production. Appl. Mater. Today 2022, 26, 101345.
DOI Google Scholar
[26]

Lin, S. H.; Lai, W. K.; Li, Y. Y.; Lu, W.; Bai, G. X.; Lau, S. P. Liquid-phase exfoliation of violet phosphorus for electronic applications. Smart Mat 2021, 2, 226–233.
DOI Google Scholar
[27]

Ricciardulli, A. G.; Wang, Y.; Yang, S.; Samorì, P. Two-dimensional violet phosphorus: A p-type semiconductor for (opto)electronics. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 3660–3666.
DOI Google Scholar
[28]

Li, X. B.; Kang, B. B.; Dong, F.; Zhang, Z. Q.; Luo, X. D.; Han, L.; Huang, J. T.; Feng, Z. J.; Chen, Z.; Xu, J. L. et al. Enhanced photocatalytic degradation and H2/H2O2 production performance of S-pCN/WO2.72 S-scheme heterojunction with appropriate surface oxygen vacancies. Nano Energy 2021, 81, 105671.
DOI Google Scholar
[29]

Li, X.; Xia, T.; Xu, C. H.; Murowchick, J.; Chen, X. B. Synthesis and photoactivity of nanostructured CdS-TiO2 composite catalysts. Catal. Today 2014, 225, 64–73.
DOI Google Scholar
[30]

Fung, C. M.; Er, C. C.; Tan, L. L.; Mohamed, A. R.; Chai, S. P. Red phosphorus: An up-and-coming photocatalyst on the horizon for sustainable energy development and environmental remediation. Chem. Rev. 2022, 122, 3879–3965.
DOI Google Scholar
[31]

Hockin, B. M.; Li, C. F.; Robertson, N.; Zysman-Colman, E. Photoredox catalysts based on earth-abundant metal complexes. Catal. Sci. Technol. 2019, 9, 889–915.
DOI Google Scholar
[32]

Yang, X. F.; Cui, H. Y.; Li, Y.; Qin, J. L.; Zhang, R. X.; Tang, H. Fabrication of Ag3PO4-graphene composites with highly efficient and stable visible light photocatalytic performance. ACS Catal. 2013, 3, 363–369.
DOI Google Scholar
[33]

Kim, T. W.; Choi, K. S. Nanoporous BiVO4 photoanodes with dual-layer oxygen evolution catalysts for solar water splitting. Science 2014, 343, 990–994.
DOI Google Scholar
[34]

Cheng, L.; Xiang, Q. J.; Liao, Y. L.; Zhang, H. W. CdS-based photocatalysts. Energy Environ. Sci. 2018, 11, 1362–1391.
DOI Google Scholar
[35]

Ansari, S. A.; Ansari, M. S.; Cho, M. H. Metal free earth abundant elemental red phosphorus: A new class of visible light photocatalyst and photoelectrode materials. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2016, 18, 3921–3928.
DOI Google Scholar
[36]

Shen, Z. R.; Hu, Z. F.; Wang, W. J.; Lee, S. F.; Chan, D. K. L.; Li, Y. C.; Gu, T.; Jimmy, C. Y. Crystalline phosphorus fibers: Controllable synthesis and visible-light-driven photocatalytic activity. Nanoscale 2014, 6, 14163–14167.
DOI Google Scholar
[37]

Ansari, S. A.; Cho, M. H. Highly visible light responsive, narrow band gap TiO2 nanoparticles modified by elemental red phosphorus for photocatalysis and photoelectrochemical applications. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 25405.
DOI Google Scholar
[38]

Ansari, S. A.; Ansari, M. O.; Cho, M. H. Facile and scale up synthesis of red phosphorus-graphitic carbon nitride heterostructures for energy and environment applications. Sci. Rep. 2016, 6, 27713.
DOI Google Scholar
[39]

Liu, E. Z.; Du, Y. Y.; Bai, X.; Fan, J.; Hu, X. Y. Synergistic improvement of Cr(VI) reduction and RhB degradation using RP/g-C3N4 photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Arab. J. Chem. 2020, 13, 3836–3848.
DOI Google Scholar
File
12274_2022_4952_MOESM1_ESM.pdf (1.8 MB)
12274_2022_4952_MOESM2_ESM.pdf (1.1 MB)
Publication history
Copyright
Acknowledgements

Publication history

Received: 02 June 2022
Revised: 16 August 2022
Accepted: 24 August 2022
Published: 30 September 2022
Issue date: February 2023

Copyright

© Tsinghua University Press 2022

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

We thank C. Li at Instrument Analysis Center of Xian Jiaotong University for their assistance with TEM. Financial support for this research is from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 22175136). Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities.

Return