Single-step nano-engineering of multiple micro-rough metals via anodization

Anodization is a cost-effective technique to nano-engineer various metals, however, optimizations have been mostly restricted to Al and Ti, and for easy to manage polished and flat substrates, limiting industrial translation. Here, we aim at standardizing and simplifying anodization of ten metals, attempting to make metal nano-engineering more accessible. In a world-first attempt, we synthesize a standard electrolyte to fabricate controlled nanostructures on various metals, taking a close look at the influence of the substrate topography, electrolyte composition, and electrolyte aging (repeated use of same electrolyte) towards designing a standard nano-engineering strategy. Anodization of curved substrates (metal wires) with micro-roughness allows for ease of industrial translation across various applications. This study is a step closer to standardizing anodization and fabrication of controlled nanotopography on various metallic surfaces, while maintaining scalability and ease of use.