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Review Article

Design and applications of carbon dots-based ratiometric fluorescent probes: A review

Bin-Bin Chen1,2,§( ), Meng-Li Liu3,§, Ya-Ting Gao1,§, Shuai Chang1, Ruo-Can Qian1, Da-Wei Li1( )
Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Functional Materials Chemistry, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology & Dynamic Chemistry, School of Chemistry & Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518172, China
Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Shanghai Key Lab of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, College of Chemistry and Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China

§ Bin-Bin Chen, Meng-Li Liu, and Ya-Ting Gao contributed equally to this work.

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Abstract

Ratiometric fluorescence (FL) probes can eliminate the background interference and provide more accurate detection results than single emission intensity-based nanoprobes. Recently, carbon dots (CDs)-based ratiometric FL probes have received extensive research attention due to their excellent biocompatibility, water solubility, and multi-emission capabilities. In this review, we firstly summarize the construction strategies of CDs-based ratiometric FL probes, including physical mixing, nanohybrid, and dual-emitting CDs strategies. Additionally, we classify the sensing types of CDs-based ratiometric FL probes into five categories according to the difference in spectral variation caused by analytes: “single-response-ON”, “single-response-OFF”, “double-responses-ON”, “double-responses-OFF”, and “double-responses-Reverse” types. Finally, a thorough overview of CDs-based ratiometric FL probe applications in ions, molecules, pH, and temperature sensing is provided. We believe this review can show the latest research progress of CDs-based ratiometric FL sensing fields and provide perspectives on future developments for the construction of CDs-based ratiometric FL probes and their potential applications.

Graphical Abstract

This review provides a systematic summary on the developments for construction strategies and sensing types of carbon dots-based ratiometric fluorescence probes and their potential applications.

Keywords

carbon dotsratiometric fluorescent probesconstruction strategysensing typea review

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Nano Research
Volume 16 Issue 1,
January 2023
Pages 1064-1083
DOI: 10.1007/s12274-022-4840-2

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Cite this article:
Chen B-B, Liu M-L, Gao Y-T, et al. Design and applications of carbon dots-based ratiometric fluorescent probes: A review. Nano Research, 2023, 16(1): 1064-1083. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12274-022-4840-2
Topics:
Fluorescence
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Received: 26 June 2022
Revised: 27 July 2022
Accepted: 31 July 2022
Published: 08 September 2022
© Tsinghua University Press 2022